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題名 聲調在中文口語字彙觸接的時序處理:眼動研究之證據
Temporal processing of lexical tone in lexical access of Chinese spoken characters: an eyetracking study作者 許媛媜
Syu, Yuan Jhen貢獻者 蔡介立
Tsai, Jie Li
許媛媜
Syu, Yuan Jhen關鍵詞 聲調
眼動
口語辨識
lexical tone
eye-tracking
spoken character
visual world paradigm日期 2011 上傳時間 30-十月-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8) 摘要 本文主要探討中文聲調在口語字彙觸接過程中所扮演的角色。實驗一藉由眼動實驗中的Visual World Paradigm作業，觀察中文聲調影響口語字彙辨識的時序歷程。受試者在聽到指導語和目標字之後，用滑鼠在螢幕上點選聽到的目標字，例如，螢幕上出現的字包含一個目標字：「摸」、一個競爭字(與目標字只有聲調相同：「挖」或是與目標字只有音段相同：「抹」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字：「怒」、「菊」。為了觀察目標字、競爭字及無關字在口語字彙處理時的競爭，我們會計算各個字彙的凝視比例。實驗一中由於聲調與目標字相同的競爭字與目標字的第一個音段就開始產生差異，因此未觀察到聲調早期介入的影響。實驗二透過與實驗一相同的實驗程序及方法，操弄目標字和競爭字中聲調和前兩個音段(Cohort)的異同以探測更早期的聲調影響。螢幕呈現包含一個目標字「湯」、一個競爭字(前兩個音段和聲調皆與目標字相同：「胎」，或是只有前兩個音段相同但聲調與目標字不同：「泰」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字「剖」、「痕」。結果顯示，聲調在語音訊息前兩個音段時就會產生影響，也就是聲調的影響在語音結束前即有作用。再者，本文發現聲調無法單獨且獨立地對於語音辨識產生影響，此看法與聲調表徵需以“toneme” node獨立地存在於the modified TRACE model的看法不盡相同 (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao, Guo, Zhou, & Shu, 2011)。
The present study aims to examine the role of tonal information during Mandarin Chinese spoken character recognition. Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted with the visual world paradigm, which participants heard a Chinese monosyllabic character and used a mouse to click on the corresponding character in a visual array of 4 characters on the screen. Experiment 1 manipulated the relationship between the spoken target characters and written characters on the screen, including a target (e.g., /mɔ1/‘touch’), a tonal competitor (the tone was the same as target except segment: e.g., /wa1/‘dig’) or a segmental competitor (the segmental structure was the same with the target except tone: e.g., /mɔ3/ ‘wipe’), and two unrelated distractors (the segments and tone were different from target: e.g., /nu4/ ‘anger’, and /tɕy2/ ‘chrysanthemum’). The fixation proportions on target, competitors and the unrelated distractors were computed during the unfolding of the auditory target stimuli. The results showed tonal difference was detected before the end of auditory stream. However, no early involvement of tonal information was found, which may due to the tonal competitor and target shared no segment from the first phoneme. In order to examine the earlier tonal processing, Experiment 2 manipulated two types of cohort competitors sharing the initial two segments with the target (e.g., /tʰɑŋ1/ “soup”), a cohort-tone competitor, e.g., /tʰaj1/ “fetus” (both tone and initial two segments are the same with target) and a cohort-only competitor e.g., /tʰaj4/ “peaceful” (initial two segments is the same with the target but with different tone). Result showed that tone affected spoken character recognition while processing the two initial segments. In addition, tone could not affect spoken character processing independently, which might be inconsistent with the assumption that tone is a separate level of representation, called “toneme” node, in the modified TRACE model (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao et al., 2011).參考文獻 Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Tracking the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition Using Eye Movements: Evidence for Continuous Mapping Models. Journal of Memory and Language, 38(4), 419-439. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1997.2558Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of language: Thomson/Wadsworth.Chang, C.-Y. (2010). Dialect Differences in the Production and perception of Mandarin Chinese Tones. Ohio State University. Cole, R. A., & Scott, B. (1974). Toward a theory of speech perception. Psychological Review, 81(4), 348-374. doi: 10.1037/h0036656Cooper, R. M. (1974). The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language: A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language processing. Cognitive Psychology, 6(1), 84-107. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(74)90005-xCutler, A. (1986). Forbear is a homophone: lexical prosody does not constrain lexical access. [Article]. Language & Speech, 29(3), 201-220. Cutler, A., & Chen, H. C. (1997). Lexical tone in Cantonese spoken-word processing. Perception&Psychophysics, 59(2), 165-179. Cutler, A., & Clifton, C. (1984). The use of prosodic information in word recognition. In H. B. D. G. Bouwhuis (Ed.), Control of language processes : (proceedings of the tenth international symposium on attention and performance (pp. 183~196). Venlo, the Netherlands,: London : Lawrence Erlbaum associates.Cutler, A., Dahan, D., & van Donselaar, W. (1997). Prosody in the Comprehension of Spoken Language: A Literature Review. [Article]. Language & Speech, 40(2), 141-201. Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2001). Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements. Cognitive Psychology, 42(4), 317-367. doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0750Epstein, W. (1961). The Influence of Syntactical Structure on Learning. The American Journal of Psychology, 74(1), 80-85. Foss, D. J., & Hakes, D. T. (1978). Psycholinguistics: an introduction to the psychology of language: Prentice-Hall.Frauenfelder, U. H., & Tyler, L. K. (1987). Spoken word recognition: MIT Press.Fry, D. B., Abramson, A. S., Eimas, P. D., & Liberman, A. M. (1962). The identification and discrimination of synthetic vowels. [Article]. Language & Speech, 5(4), 171-189. Gandour, J. (1984). Tone dissimilarity judgments by Chinese listeners. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 12(2), 235-261. Garman, M. (1990). Psycholinguistics: Cambridge University Press.Gleason, J. B., & Ratner, N. B. (1998). Psycholinguistics: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.Grosjean, F., & Gee, J. P. (1987). Prosodic structure and spoken word recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 135-155. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90007-2Huettig, F., & McQueen, J. M. (2007). The tug of war between phonological, semantic and shape information in language-mediated visual search. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(4), 460-482. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.02.001Jongman, A., Wang, Y., Moore, C. B., & Sereno, J. A. (2006). Perception and Production of Mandarin Chinese Tones. In L. H. T. E. Bates, and O.J.L Tzeng (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese Psycholinguistics: Cambridge University Press.Jusczyk, P. W., & Luce, P. A. (2002). Speech perception and spoken word recognition: past and present. Ear and Hearing, 23(1), 2-40. doi: citeulike-article-id:6136467Ladefoged, P. (2005). Vowels and consonants: an introduction to the sounds of languages: Blackwell Pub.Lai, Y., & Zhang, J. (2008). Mandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 30. Lass, N. J. (1976). Contemporary issues in experimental phonetics: Academic Press.Lee, C. Y. (2007). Does Horse Activate Mother?Processing Lexical Tone in Form Priming. Language and Speech, 50(1), 101-123. Lee, C. Y. (2009). Identifying isolated, multispeaker Mandarin tones from brief acoustic input: A perceptual and acoustic study. [Article]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(2), 1125-1137. doi: 10.1121/1.3050322Leena, M. (2012). Prosodic Features for Speaker Recognition. In A. Neustein & H. A. A. Patil (Eds.), Forensic Speaker Recognition (pp. 365-388): Springer New York.Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S., & Griffith, B. C. (1957). The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54(5), 358-368. Lin, H.-B., & Repp, B. H. (1989). Cues to the perception of Taiwanese tones. Language and Speech, 32, 25--45. Liu, S., & Samuel, A. G. (2007). The role of Mandarin lexical tones in lexical access under different contextual conditions. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(4), 566-594. doi: 10.1080/01690960600989600Lyn, F. (1987). Structure in auditory word recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 157-187. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90008-4Malins, J. G., & Joanisse, M. F. (2010). The roles of tonal and segmental information in Mandarin spoken word recognition: An eyetracking study. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(4), 407-420. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2010.02.004Marslen-Wilson, W., & Tyler, L. K. (1980). The temporal structure of spoken language understanding. Cognition, 8(1), 1-71. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(80)90015-3Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Welsh, A. (1978). Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology, 10(1), 29-63. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(78)90018-xMcClelland, J. L., & Elman, J. L. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1-86. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0McMurray, B., Clayards, M. A., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Aslin, R. N. (2008). Tracking the time course of phonetic cue integration during spoken word recognition. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 15(6), 1064-1071. McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Aslin, R. N. (2002). Gradient effects of within-category phonetic variation on lexical access. Cognition, 86(2), B33-B42. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00157-9Myers, T., Laver, J., & Anderson, J. M. (1981). The Cognitive representation of speech: North-Holland Pub. Co.Roca, I., & Johnson, W. (1999). A course in phonology: Blackwell Publishers.Schirmer, A., Tang, S., Penney, T. B., Gunter, T. C., & Chen, H. (2005). Brain responses to segmentally and tonally induced semantic violations in Cantonese. J Cogn Neurosci, 17(1), 1-12. Shannon, R. V., Zeng, F.-G., Kamath, V., Wygonski, J., & Ekelid, M. (1995). Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues. Science, 270(5234), 303-303. Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1976). speech perception. In N. J. Lass (Ed.), Contemporary issues in experimental phonetics (pp. 243-293). New York: Academic Press.Taft, M., & Chen, H.-C. (1992). Judging Homophony in Chinese: The Influence of Tones. In C. Hsuan-Chih & J. L. T. Ovid (Eds.), Advances in Psychology (Vol. Volume 90, pp. 151-172): North-Holland.Tanenhaus, M., Magnuson, J., Dahan, D., & Chambers, C. (2000). Eye Movements and Lexical Access in Spoken-Language Comprehension: Evaluating a Linking Hypothesis between Fixations and Linguistic Processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 29(6), 557-580. doi: citeulike-article-id:789099Tanenhaus, M. K. (2007). Eye movements and spoken language processing. In M. H. F. Roger P.G. Van Gompel, Wayne S. Murray and Robin L. Hill (Ed.), Eye movements: a window on mind and brain: Elsevier.Tsang, Y.-K., Jia, S., Huang, J., & Chen, H.-C. (2011). ERP correlates of pre-attentive processing of Cantonese lexical tones: The effects of pitch contour and pitch height. Neuroscience Letters, 487(3), 268-272. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.035Tyler, L. (1984). The structure of the initial cohort: Evidence from gating. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 36(5), 417-427. doi: 10.3758/bf03207496Uli H, F., & Tyler, L. K. (1987). The process of spoken word recognition: An introduction. Cognition, 25(1-2), 1-20. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90002-3van Donselaar, W., Koster, M., & Cutler, A. (2005). Exploring the role of lexical stress in lexical recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(2), 251-273. doi: 10.1080/02724980343000927Whalen, D. H. (1991). Subcategorical phonetic mismatches and lexical access. Perception And Psychophysics, 50(4), 351-360. William D, & Marslen-Wilson. (1987). Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 71-102. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90005-9Ye, Y., & Connine, C. M. (1999). Processing Spoken Chinese: The Role of Tone Information. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 609-630. doi: 10.1080/016909699386202Zhao, J., Guo, J., Zhou, F., & Shu, H. (2011). Time course of Chinese monosyllabic spoken word recognition: Evidence from ERP analyses. Neuropsychologia, 49(7), 1761-1770. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.054吳聲弘. (2012). 音韻組成與中文口語感知. 碩士論文, 國立交通大學, 新竹. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98555015
100資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0985550153 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 蔡介立 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Tsai, Jie Li en_US dc.contributor.author (作者) 許媛媜 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (作者) Syu, Yuan Jhen en_US dc.creator (作者) 許媛媜 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Syu, Yuan Jhen en_US dc.date (日期) 2011 en_US dc.date.accessioned 30-十月-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 30-十月-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-十月-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (其他 識別碼) G0985550153 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54978 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 98555015 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 100 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文主要探討中文聲調在口語字彙觸接過程中所扮演的角色。實驗一藉由眼動實驗中的Visual World Paradigm作業，觀察中文聲調影響口語字彙辨識的時序歷程。受試者在聽到指導語和目標字之後，用滑鼠在螢幕上點選聽到的目標字，例如，螢幕上出現的字包含一個目標字：「摸」、一個競爭字(與目標字只有聲調相同：「挖」或是與目標字只有音段相同：「抹」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字：「怒」、「菊」。為了觀察目標字、競爭字及無關字在口語字彙處理時的競爭，我們會計算各個字彙的凝視比例。實驗一中由於聲調與目標字相同的競爭字與目標字的第一個音段就開始產生差異，因此未觀察到聲調早期介入的影響。實驗二透過與實驗一相同的實驗程序及方法，操弄目標字和競爭字中聲調和前兩個音段(Cohort)的異同以探測更早期的聲調影響。螢幕呈現包含一個目標字「湯」、一個競爭字(前兩個音段和聲調皆與目標字相同：「胎」，或是只有前兩個音段相同但聲調與目標字不同：「泰」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字「剖」、「痕」。結果顯示，聲調在語音訊息前兩個音段時就會產生影響，也就是聲調的影響在語音結束前即有作用。再者，本文發現聲調無法單獨且獨立地對於語音辨識產生影響，此看法與聲調表徵需以“toneme” node獨立地存在於the modified TRACE model的看法不盡相同 (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao, Guo, Zhou, & Shu, 2011)。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present study aims to examine the role of tonal information during Mandarin Chinese spoken character recognition. Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted with the visual world paradigm, which participants heard a Chinese monosyllabic character and used a mouse to click on the corresponding character in a visual array of 4 characters on the screen. Experiment 1 manipulated the relationship between the spoken target characters and written characters on the screen, including a target (e.g., /mɔ1/‘touch’), a tonal competitor (the tone was the same as target except segment: e.g., /wa1/‘dig’) or a segmental competitor (the segmental structure was the same with the target except tone: e.g., /mɔ3/ ‘wipe’), and two unrelated distractors (the segments and tone were different from target: e.g., /nu4/ ‘anger’, and /tɕy2/ ‘chrysanthemum’). The fixation proportions on target, competitors and the unrelated distractors were computed during the unfolding of the auditory target stimuli. The results showed tonal difference was detected before the end of auditory stream. However, no early involvement of tonal information was found, which may due to the tonal competitor and target shared no segment from the first phoneme. In order to examine the earlier tonal processing, Experiment 2 manipulated two types of cohort competitors sharing the initial two segments with the target (e.g., /tʰɑŋ1/ “soup”), a cohort-tone competitor, e.g., /tʰaj1/ “fetus” (both tone and initial two segments are the same with target) and a cohort-only competitor e.g., /tʰaj4/ “peaceful” (initial two segments is the same with the target but with different tone). Result showed that tone affected spoken character recognition while processing the two initial segments. In addition, tone could not affect spoken character processing independently, which might be inconsistent with the assumption that tone is a separate level of representation, called “toneme” node, in the modified TRACE model (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao et al., 2011). en_US dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements ivList of Tables ixList of Figures xiChinese Abstract xvEnglish Abstract xviChapter1 Introduction 11.1 General background 11.2 Research questions 4Chapter 2 Literature Review 52.1 Processing the spoken language signal 52.1.1 Perception of phonetic segments 62.1.2 Lexical access and models 82.2 Prosody in spoken word recognition 132.3 Stress in lexical processing 152.4 Tonal processing 172.4.1 Tone perception 172.4.2 Tone in lexical processing 202.4.2.1 The role of tone compared to segment 202.4.2.2 Time course of tonal processing 222.5 Visual world paradigm 252.5.1 Visual world paradigm and spoken word recognition 272.5.2 Visual world paradigm and tonal processing 292.6 Interim Summary 32Chapter 3 Experiment One 333.1Method 343.1.1 Participants 343.1.2 Material 353.1.2.1Stimuli 353.1.2.2 Recording 363.1.2.3 Tonal recognition pretest 363.1.3 Design 373.1.4 Layout of visual stimuli 383.1.5 Apparatus 393.1.6 Procedure 393.2 Data analysis 403.3 Results 413.4 Discussion 50Chapter 4 Experiment Two 534.1 Method 544.1.1Participants 544.1.2 Material 544.1.2.1 Stimuli 554.1.2.2 Recording 564.1.2.3 Auditory Stimuli Pretest 564.1.3 Design 574.1.4 Layout of visual stimuli 584.1.5 Apparatus & procedure 584.2 Data analysis 584.3 Result 584.4 Discussion 74Chapter 5 General Discussion 785.1 The relatively early effect of tonal information 785.2 The dependence of tonal effect 815.3 Tonal processing in visual world paradigm 835.4 Suggestions for future research 83Reference 85Appendixes 89A. Experiment materials of Experiment 1 89B. Experiment materials of Experiment 2 94 zh_TW dc.language.iso en_US - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0985550153 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲調 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 眼動 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口語辨識 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) lexical tone en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) eye-tracking en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) spoken character en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) visual world paradigm en_US dc.title (題名) 聲調在中文口語字彙觸接的時序處理:眼動研究之證據 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Temporal processing of lexical tone in lexical access of Chinese spoken characters: an eyetracking study en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Tracking the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition Using Eye Movements: Evidence for Continuous Mapping Models. Journal of Memory and Language, 38(4), 419-439. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1997.2558Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of language: Thomson/Wadsworth.Chang, C.-Y. (2010). Dialect Differences in the Production and perception of Mandarin Chinese Tones. Ohio State University. Cole, R. A., & Scott, B. (1974). Toward a theory of speech perception. Psychological Review, 81(4), 348-374. doi: 10.1037/h0036656Cooper, R. M. (1974). The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language: A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language processing. Cognitive Psychology, 6(1), 84-107. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(74)90005-xCutler, A. (1986). Forbear is a homophone: lexical prosody does not constrain lexical access. [Article]. Language & Speech, 29(3), 201-220. Cutler, A., & Chen, H. C. (1997). Lexical tone in Cantonese spoken-word processing. Perception&Psychophysics, 59(2), 165-179. Cutler, A., & Clifton, C. (1984). The use of prosodic information in word recognition. In H. B. D. G. Bouwhuis (Ed.), Control of language processes : (proceedings of the tenth international symposium on attention and performance (pp. 183~196). Venlo, the Netherlands,: London : Lawrence Erlbaum associates.Cutler, A., Dahan, D., & van Donselaar, W. (1997). Prosody in the Comprehension of Spoken Language: A Literature Review. [Article]. Language & Speech, 40(2), 141-201. Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2001). Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements. Cognitive Psychology, 42(4), 317-367. doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0750Epstein, W. (1961). The Influence of Syntactical Structure on Learning. The American Journal of Psychology, 74(1), 80-85. Foss, D. J., & Hakes, D. T. (1978). Psycholinguistics: an introduction to the psychology of language: Prentice-Hall.Frauenfelder, U. H., & Tyler, L. K. (1987). Spoken word recognition: MIT Press.Fry, D. B., Abramson, A. S., Eimas, P. D., & Liberman, A. M. (1962). 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