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題名 聲調在中文口語字彙觸接的時序處理:眼動研究之證據
Temporal processing of lexical tone in lexical access of Chinese spoken characters: an eyetracking study
作者 許媛媜
Syu, Yuan Jhen
貢獻者 蔡介立
Tsai, Jie Li
許媛媜
Syu, Yuan Jhen
關鍵詞 聲調
眼動
口語辨識
lexical tone
eye-tracking
spoken character
visual world paradigm
日期 2011
上傳時間 30-Oct-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文主要探討中文聲調在口語字彙觸接過程中所扮演的角色。實驗一藉由眼動實驗中的Visual World Paradigm作業，觀察中文聲調影響口語字彙辨識的時序歷程。受試者在聽到指導語和目標字之後，用滑鼠在螢幕上點選聽到的目標字，例如，螢幕上出現的字包含一個目標字：「摸」、一個競爭字(與目標字只有聲調相同：「挖」或是與目標字只有音段相同：「抹」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字：「怒」、「菊」。為了觀察目標字、競爭字及無關字在口語字彙處理時的競爭，我們會計算各個字彙的凝視比例。實驗一中由於聲調與目標字相同的競爭字與目標字的第一個音段就開始產生差異，因此未觀察到聲調早期介入的影響。實驗二透過與實驗一相同的實驗程序及方法，操弄目標字和競爭字中聲調和前兩個音段(Cohort)的異同以探測更早期的聲調影響。螢幕呈現包含一個目標字「湯」、一個競爭字(前兩個音段和聲調皆與目標字相同：「胎」，或是只有前兩個音段相同但聲調與目標字不同：「泰」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字「剖」、「痕」。結果顯示，聲調在語音訊息前兩個音段時就會產生影響，也就是聲調的影響在語音結束前即有作用。再者，本文發現聲調無法單獨且獨立地對於語音辨識產生影響，此看法與聲調表徵需以“toneme” node獨立地存在於the modified TRACE model的看法不盡相同 (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao, Guo, Zhou, & Shu, 2011)。
The present study aims to examine the role of tonal information during Mandarin Chinese spoken character recognition. Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted with the visual world paradigm, which participants heard a Chinese monosyllabic character and used a mouse to click on the corresponding character in a visual array of 4 characters on the screen. Experiment 1 manipulated the relationship between the spoken target characters and written characters on the screen, including a target (e.g., /mɔ1/‘touch’), a tonal competitor (the tone was the same as target except segment: e.g., /wa1/‘dig’) or a segmental competitor (the segmental structure was the same with the target except tone: e.g., /mɔ3/ ‘wipe’), and two unrelated distractors (the segments and tone were different from target: e.g., /nu4/ ‘anger’, and /tɕy2/ ‘chrysanthemum’). The fixation proportions on target, competitors and the unrelated distractors were computed during the unfolding of the auditory target stimuli. The results showed tonal difference was detected before the end of auditory stream. However, no early involvement of tonal information was found, which may due to the tonal competitor and target shared no segment from the first phoneme. In order to examine the earlier tonal processing, Experiment 2 manipulated two types of cohort competitors sharing the initial two segments with the target (e.g., /tʰɑŋ1/ “soup”), a cohort-tone competitor, e.g., /tʰaj1/ “fetus” (both tone and initial two segments are the same with target) and a cohort-only competitor e.g., /tʰaj4/ “peaceful” (initial two segments is the same with the target but with different tone). Result showed that tone affected spoken character recognition while processing the two initial segments. In addition, tone could not affect spoken character processing independently, which might be inconsistent with the assumption that tone is a separate level of representation, called “toneme” node, in the modified TRACE model (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao et al., 2011).
參考文獻 Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Tracking the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition Using Eye Movements: Evidence for Continuous Mapping Models. Journal of Memory and Language, 38(4), 419-439. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1997.2558
Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of language: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Chang, C.-Y. (2010). Dialect Differences in the Production and perception of Mandarin Chinese Tones. Ohio State University.
Cole, R. A., & Scott, B. (1974). Toward a theory of speech perception. Psychological Review, 81(4), 348-374. doi: 10.1037/h0036656
Cooper, R. M. (1974). The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language: A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language processing. Cognitive Psychology, 6(1), 84-107. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(74)90005-x
Cutler, A. (1986). Forbear is a homophone: lexical prosody does not constrain lexical access. [Article]. Language & Speech, 29(3), 201-220.
Cutler, A., & Chen, H. C. (1997). Lexical tone in Cantonese spoken-word processing. Perception&Psychophysics, 59(2), 165-179.
Cutler, A., & Clifton, C. (1984). The use of prosodic information in word recognition. In H. B. D. G. Bouwhuis (Ed.), Control of language processes : (proceedings of the tenth international symposium on attention and performance (pp. 183~196). Venlo, the Netherlands,: London : Lawrence Erlbaum associates.
Cutler, A., Dahan, D., & van Donselaar, W. (1997). Prosody in the Comprehension of Spoken Language: A Literature Review. [Article]. Language & Speech, 40(2), 141-201.
Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2001). Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements. Cognitive Psychology, 42(4), 317-367. doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0750
Epstein, W. (1961). The Influence of Syntactical Structure on Learning. The American Journal of Psychology, 74(1), 80-85.
Foss, D. J., & Hakes, D. T. (1978). Psycholinguistics: an introduction to the psychology of language: Prentice-Hall.
Frauenfelder, U. H., & Tyler, L. K. (1987). Spoken word recognition: MIT Press.
Fry, D. B., Abramson, A. S., Eimas, P. D., & Liberman, A. M. (1962). The identification and discrimination of synthetic vowels. [Article]. Language & Speech, 5(4), 171-189.
Gandour, J. (1984). Tone dissimilarity judgments by Chinese listeners. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 12(2), 235-261.
Garman, M. (1990). Psycholinguistics: Cambridge University Press.
Gleason, J. B., & Ratner, N. B. (1998). Psycholinguistics: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Grosjean, F., & Gee, J. P. (1987). Prosodic structure and spoken word recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 135-155. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90007-2
Huettig, F., & McQueen, J. M. (2007). The tug of war between phonological, semantic and shape information in language-mediated visual search. Journal of Memory and Language, 57(4), 460-482. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.02.001
Jongman, A., Wang, Y., Moore, C. B., & Sereno, J. A. (2006). Perception and Production of Mandarin Chinese Tones. In L. H. T. E. Bates, and O.J.L Tzeng (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese Psycholinguistics: Cambridge University Press.
Jusczyk, P. W., & Luce, P. A. (2002). Speech perception and spoken word recognition: past and present. Ear and Hearing, 23(1), 2-40. doi: citeulike-article-id:6136467
Ladefoged, P. (2005). Vowels and consonants: an introduction to the sounds of languages: Blackwell Pub.
Lai, Y., & Zhang, J. (2008). Mandarin Lexical Tone Recognition: The Gating Paradigm. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 30.
Lass, N. J. (1976). Contemporary issues in experimental phonetics: Academic Press.
Lee, C. Y. (2007). Does Horse Activate Mother?Processing Lexical Tone in Form Priming. Language and Speech, 50(1), 101-123.
Lee, C. Y. (2009). Identifying isolated, multispeaker Mandarin tones from brief acoustic input: A perceptual and acoustic study. [Article]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(2), 1125-1137. doi: 10.1121/1.3050322
Leena, M. (2012). Prosodic Features for Speaker Recognition. In A. Neustein & H. A. A. Patil (Eds.), Forensic Speaker Recognition (pp. 365-388): Springer New York.
Liberman, A. M., Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S., & Griffith, B. C. (1957). The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54(5), 358-368.
Lin, H.-B., & Repp, B. H. (1989). Cues to the perception of Taiwanese tones. Language and Speech, 32, 25--45.
Liu, S., & Samuel, A. G. (2007). The role of Mandarin lexical tones in lexical access under different contextual conditions. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(4), 566-594. doi: 10.1080/01690960600989600
Lyn, F. (1987). Structure in auditory word recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 157-187. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90008-4
Malins, J. G., & Joanisse, M. F. (2010). The roles of tonal and segmental information in Mandarin spoken word recognition: An eyetracking study. Journal of Memory and Language, 62(4), 407-420. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2010.02.004
Marslen-Wilson, W., & Tyler, L. K. (1980). The temporal structure of spoken language understanding. Cognition, 8(1), 1-71. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(80)90015-3
Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Welsh, A. (1978). Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology, 10(1), 29-63. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(78)90018-x
McClelland, J. L., & Elman, J. L. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18(1), 1-86. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(86)90015-0
McMurray, B., Clayards, M. A., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Aslin, R. N. (2008). Tracking the time course of phonetic cue integration during spoken word recognition. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 15(6), 1064-1071.
McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Aslin, R. N. (2002). Gradient effects of within-category phonetic variation on lexical access. Cognition, 86(2), B33-B42. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00157-9
Myers, T., Laver, J., & Anderson, J. M. (1981). The Cognitive representation of speech: North-Holland Pub. Co.
Roca, I., & Johnson, W. (1999). A course in phonology: Blackwell Publishers.
Schirmer, A., Tang, S., Penney, T. B., Gunter, T. C., & Chen, H. (2005). Brain responses to segmentally and tonally induced semantic violations in Cantonese. J Cogn Neurosci, 17(1), 1-12.
Shannon, R. V., Zeng, F.-G., Kamath, V., Wygonski, J., & Ekelid, M. (1995). Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues. Science, 270(5234), 303-303.
Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1976). speech perception. In N. J. Lass (Ed.), Contemporary issues in experimental phonetics (pp. 243-293). New York: Academic Press.
Taft, M., & Chen, H.-C. (1992). Judging Homophony in Chinese: The Influence of Tones. In C. Hsuan-Chih & J. L. T. Ovid (Eds.), Advances in Psychology (Vol. Volume 90, pp. 151-172): North-Holland.
Tanenhaus, M., Magnuson, J., Dahan, D., & Chambers, C. (2000). Eye Movements and Lexical Access in Spoken-Language Comprehension: Evaluating a Linking Hypothesis between Fixations and Linguistic Processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 29(6), 557-580. doi: citeulike-article-id:789099
Tanenhaus, M. K. (2007). Eye movements and spoken language processing. In M. H. F. Roger P.G. Van Gompel, Wayne S. Murray and Robin L. Hill (Ed.), Eye movements: a window on mind and brain: Elsevier.
Tsang, Y.-K., Jia, S., Huang, J., & Chen, H.-C. (2011). ERP correlates of pre-attentive processing of Cantonese lexical tones: The effects of pitch contour and pitch height. Neuroscience Letters, 487(3), 268-272. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.035
Tyler, L. (1984). The structure of the initial cohort: Evidence from gating. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 36(5), 417-427. doi: 10.3758/bf03207496
Uli H, F., & Tyler, L. K. (1987). The process of spoken word recognition: An introduction. Cognition, 25(1-2), 1-20. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90002-3
van Donselaar, W., Koster, M., & Cutler, A. (2005). Exploring the role of lexical stress in lexical recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(2), 251-273. doi: 10.1080/02724980343000927
Whalen, D. H. (1991). Subcategorical phonetic mismatches and lexical access. Perception And Psychophysics, 50(4), 351-360.
William D, & Marslen-Wilson. (1987). Functional parallelism in spoken word-recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 71-102. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90005-9
Ye, Y., & Connine, C. M. (1999). Processing Spoken Chinese: The Role of Tone Information. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 609-630. doi: 10.1080/016909699386202
Zhao, J., Guo, J., Zhou, F., & Shu, H. (2011). Time course of Chinese monosyllabic spoken word recognition: Evidence from ERP analyses. Neuropsychologia, 49(7), 1761-1770. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.054
吳聲弘. (2012). 音韻組成與中文口語感知. 碩士論文, 國立交通大學, 新竹.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
98555015
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0985550153
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蔡介立zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Tsai, Jie Lien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許媛媜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Syu, Yuan Jhenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 許媛媜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Syu, Yuan Jhenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 30-Oct-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 30-Oct-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 30-Oct-2012 14:33:06 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0985550153en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54978-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98555015zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文主要探討中文聲調在口語字彙觸接過程中所扮演的角色。實驗一藉由眼動實驗中的Visual World Paradigm作業，觀察中文聲調影響口語字彙辨識的時序歷程。受試者在聽到指導語和目標字之後，用滑鼠在螢幕上點選聽到的目標字，例如，螢幕上出現的字包含一個目標字：「摸」、一個競爭字(與目標字只有聲調相同：「挖」或是與目標字只有音段相同：「抹」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字：「怒」、「菊」。為了觀察目標字、競爭字及無關字在口語字彙處理時的競爭，我們會計算各個字彙的凝視比例。實驗一中由於聲調與目標字相同的競爭字與目標字的第一個音段就開始產生差異，因此未觀察到聲調早期介入的影響。實驗二透過與實驗一相同的實驗程序及方法，操弄目標字和競爭字中聲調和前兩個音段(Cohort)的異同以探測更早期的聲調影響。螢幕呈現包含一個目標字「湯」、一個競爭字(前兩個音段和聲調皆與目標字相同：「胎」，或是只有前兩個音段相同但聲調與目標字不同：「泰」)，以及兩個聲調與音段和目標字完全不同的無關字「剖」、「痕」。結果顯示，聲調在語音訊息前兩個音段時就會產生影響，也就是聲調的影響在語音結束前即有作用。再者，本文發現聲調無法單獨且獨立地對於語音辨識產生影響，此看法與聲調表徵需以“toneme” node獨立地存在於the modified TRACE model的看法不盡相同 (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao, Guo, Zhou, & Shu, 2011)。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present study aims to examine the role of tonal information during Mandarin Chinese spoken character recognition. Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted with the visual world paradigm, which participants heard a Chinese monosyllabic character and used a mouse to click on the corresponding character in a visual array of 4 characters on the screen. Experiment 1 manipulated the relationship between the spoken target characters and written characters on the screen, including a target (e.g., /mɔ1/‘touch’), a tonal competitor (the tone was the same as target except segment: e.g., /wa1/‘dig’) or a segmental competitor (the segmental structure was the same with the target except tone: e.g., /mɔ3/ ‘wipe’), and two unrelated distractors (the segments and tone were different from target: e.g., /nu4/ ‘anger’, and /tɕy2/ ‘chrysanthemum’). The fixation proportions on target, competitors and the unrelated distractors were computed during the unfolding of the auditory target stimuli. The results showed tonal difference was detected before the end of auditory stream. However, no early involvement of tonal information was found, which may due to the tonal competitor and target shared no segment from the first phoneme. In order to examine the earlier tonal processing, Experiment 2 manipulated two types of cohort competitors sharing the initial two segments with the target (e.g., /tʰɑŋ1/ “soup”), a cohort-tone competitor, e.g., /tʰaj1/ “fetus” (both tone and initial two segments are the same with target) and a cohort-only competitor e.g., /tʰaj4/ “peaceful” (initial two segments is the same with the target but with different tone). Result showed that tone affected spoken character recognition while processing the two initial segments. In addition, tone could not affect spoken character processing independently, which might be inconsistent with the assumption that tone is a separate level of representation, called “toneme” node, in the modified TRACE model (Malins & Joanisse, 2010; Ye & Connine, 1999; Zhao et al., 2011).en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements iv
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xi
Chinese Abstract xv
English Abstract xvi
Chapter1 Introduction 1
1.1 General background 1
1.2 Research questions 4
Chapter 2 Literature Review 5
2.1 Processing the spoken language signal 5
2.1.1 Perception of phonetic segments 6
2.1.2 Lexical access and models 8
2.2 Prosody in spoken word recognition 13
2.3 Stress in lexical processing 15
2.4 Tonal processing 17
2.4.1 Tone perception 17
2.4.2 Tone in lexical processing 20
2.4.2.1 The role of tone compared to segment 20
2.4.2.2 Time course of tonal processing 22
2.5 Visual world paradigm 25
2.5.1 Visual world paradigm and spoken word recognition 27
2.5.2 Visual world paradigm and tonal processing 29
2.6 Interim Summary 32
Chapter 3 Experiment One 33
3.1Method 34
3.1.1 Participants 34
3.1.2 Material 35
3.1.2.1Stimuli 35
3.1.2.2 Recording 36
3.1.2.3 Tonal recognition pretest 36
3.1.3 Design 37
3.1.4 Layout of visual stimuli 38
3.1.5 Apparatus 39
3.1.6 Procedure 39
3.2 Data analysis 40
3.3 Results 41
3.4 Discussion 50
Chapter 4 Experiment Two 53
4.1 Method 54
4.1.1Participants 54
4.1.2 Material 54
4.1.2.1 Stimuli 55
4.1.2.2 Recording 56
4.1.2.3 Auditory Stimuli Pretest 56
4.1.3 Design 57
4.1.4 Layout of visual stimuli 58
4.1.5 Apparatus & procedure 58
4.2 Data analysis 58
4.3 Result 58
4.4 Discussion 74
Chapter 5 General Discussion 78
5.1 The relatively early effect of tonal information 78
5.2 The dependence of tonal effect 81
5.3 Tonal processing in visual world paradigm 83
5.4 Suggestions for future research 83
Reference 85
Appendixes 89
A. Experiment materials of Experiment 1 89
B. Experiment materials of Experiment 2 94		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0985550153en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲調zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 眼動zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口語辨識zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) lexical toneen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) eye-trackingen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) spoken characteren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) visual world paradigmen_US
dc.title (題名) 聲調在中文口語字彙觸接的時序處理:眼動研究之證據zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Temporal processing of lexical tone in lexical access of Chinese spoken characters: an eyetracking studyen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Allopenna, P. D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1998). Tracking the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition Using Eye Movements: Evidence for Continuous Mapping Models. Journal of Memory and Language, 38(4), 419-439. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1997.2558
Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of language: Thomson/Wadsworth.
Chang, C.-Y. (2010). Dialect Differences in the Production and perception of Mandarin Chinese Tones. Ohio State University.
Cole, R. A., & Scott, B. (1974). Toward a theory of speech perception. Psychological Review, 81(4), 348-374. doi: 10.1037/h0036656
Cooper, R. M. (1974). The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language: A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language processing. Cognitive Psychology, 6(1), 84-107. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(74)90005-x
Cutler, A. (1986). Forbear is a homophone: lexical prosody does not constrain lexical access. [Article]. Language & Speech, 29(3), 201-220.
Cutler, A., & Chen, H. C. (1997). Lexical tone in Cantonese spoken-word processing. Perception&Psychophysics, 59(2), 165-179.
Cutler, A., & Clifton, C. (1984). The use of prosodic information in word recognition. In H. B. D. G. Bouwhuis (Ed.), Control of language processes : (proceedings of the tenth international symposium on attention and performance (pp. 183~196). Venlo, the Netherlands,: London : Lawrence Erlbaum associates.
Cutler, A., Dahan, D., & van Donselaar, W. (1997). Prosody in the Comprehension of Spoken Language: A Literature Review. [Article]. Language & Speech, 40(2), 141-201.
Dahan, D., Magnuson, J. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2001). Time Course of Frequency Effects in Spoken-Word Recognition: Evidence from Eye Movements. Cognitive Psychology, 42(4), 317-367. doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0750
Epstein, W. (1961). The Influence of Syntactical Structure on Learning. The American Journal of Psychology, 74(1), 80-85.
Foss, D. J., & Hakes, D. T. (1978). Psycholinguistics: an introduction to the psychology of language: Prentice-Hall.
Frauenfelder, U. H., & Tyler, L. K. (1987). Spoken word recognition: MIT Press.
Fry, D. B., Abramson, A. S., Eimas, P. D., & Liberman, A. M. (1962). The identification and discrimination of synthetic vowels. [Article]. Language & Speech, 5(4), 171-189.
Gandour, J. (1984). Tone dissimilarity judgments by Chinese listeners. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 12(2), 235-261.
Garman, M. (1990). Psycholinguistics: Cambridge University Press.
Gleason, J. B., & Ratner, N. B. (1998). Psycholinguistics: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Grosjean, F., & Gee, J. P. (1987). Prosodic structure and spoken word recognition. Cognition, 25(1–2), 135-155. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(87)90007-2
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