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題名 普通單字在特殊文類的呈現：針對商業年報語言詞塊之語料庫研究
General lexis in specialized genre: a corpus study on formulaic language in business reports
作者 陳俊宏
Chen, Chun Hung
貢獻者 張郇慧
Chang, Claire H. H.
陳俊宏
Chen, Chun Hung
關鍵詞 專業英語教學
單字表
高中英文參考詞彙表
商業英文
語料庫
文類分析
詞塊
Corpus
English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
English for Business Purpose (EBP)
formulaic language
keyness
phraseology
real content
syntagmatic variation
paradigmatic variation
wordlist
genre analysis
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-Feb-2013 16:47:55 (UTC+8)
摘要 對專業英語教學而言，如何擇取語言教學內容，是一項相當重要的工作。學界一般建議專業英語教學教師，以與專業科目教師協同合作的方式，來共同協商出語言教學內容。但此協同方式的運作，往往受限於教學資源及教師之間對何謂知識的認知差距，常常窒礙難行。本研究即著力於探討語料庫方法運用在擇取專業英語教學內容的實際操作，期盼能提供一套有效的解決方案。

本研究將研究內容鎖定在普通單字及普通單字所組成的語言詞塊，並特別將研究範圍著重於商業文類。為了使本研究順利進行，作者應用語料庫相關知識，建立了一個商業年報語料庫。在擷取普通單字及語言詞塊時，也嚴謹運用了相關的語料庫技術，如單字顯著程度、單字涵蓋範圍、及累積詞頻法等等。此研究找出了數量適中的普通單字，能利於在授課時間有限的專業英語教學，進行課程規劃。本研究也證實了普通單字，會因為所處的文類不同，而組成不同的語言詞塊。

本論文的研究結果及研究流程，展示了以語料庫方法擷取專業英語教學的語學內容，效率良好，結果明確。同時本研究的研究結果，也將語言的慣性組成模式，顯明出來。最後，本研究的研究結果所顯示的普通單字，乃是專業英文與一般英文共享重疊的單字，可視之為一般英語教學銜接至專業英語教學的重要教學內容。由於研究過程採用了高中英語參考詞彙表，本研究之結果特別適用於台灣的英語教學情境，尤其對大學商學院之英語教學，更是貼切實用。
This study aims to apply corpus method on filtering out language content for ESP course. Following Dudley-Evans and St John’s (1998) idea of real content, this thesis focuses on locating general lexis from different genres.

For this study, general lexis is viewed as common words and formulaic language composed with common words. In this project, common words are extracted from a homemade Business Reports Corpus (BRC) with reference to Senior High English Wordlist for Reference (SHEWR) [高中英文參考詞彙表] and Chinese–English Translation of Important Accounting Terms [重要會計用語中英對照] in Taiwan, also with notions of corpus linguistics including keyness and text coverage. Then with number of extracted common words being compared to the total amount of SHEWR, practicality of SHEWR applied in business genre is measured and a subset word bank of SHEWR is identified to link instruction of English of General Purpose to that of English of Specific Purposes in the context of Taiwan.

Secondly, formulaic language is regarded as multi-word units composed with previously extracted common words. Instead of Mutual Information, t-score, or lexical bundles, Danielsson’s (2007) method of cumulative frequency is adopted to locate formulaic language. Cross-genre analyses on formulaic language identified from BRC, Subdivision A of Brown Corpus (texts of reportage) and Subdivision H of Brown Corpus (official documents) are conducted to verify whether composition of formulaic language is correlated with types of genre, which may affect description of phraseology as well as practice of the English teaching method Lexical Approach (Lewis, 2000).

This thesis has successfully demonstrated that the corpus method is a handy and efficient approach for ESP practitioners to sort out language content for instruction. One by-product of this study is that the difficulty level (as designated in SHEWR) of extracted common words is attached to allow further investigation together with data of text coverage and overall frequency.
參考文獻 Accounting Research and Development Foundation of the Republic of China. (2011). 重要會計用語中英對照 [Chinese-English translation of important Accounting terms]. Retrieved from http://www.ardf.org.tw/html/tifrs1000128.pdf
Anthony, L. (2010). AntConc (Version 3.2.1) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Retrieved from http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/
Baker, M. (1988). Sub-technical vocabulary and the ESP teacher: An analysis of some rhetorical items in medical journal articles. Reading in a Foreign Language, 4(2), 91-105.
Baron, A., Rayson, P., & Archer, D. (2009). Word frequency and key word statistics in corpus linguistics. Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies, 20(1), 41-67.
Barron, C. (2003). Problem-solving and EAP: Themes and issues in a collaborative teaching venture. English for Specific Purposes, 22(3), 297-314.
Basturkmen, H. (2006). Ideas and options in English for specific purposes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Belcher, D. D. (2006). English for Specific Purposes: Teaching to perceived needs and imagined futures in worlds of work, study, and everyday life. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 133-156.
Biber, D. (2009). A corpus-driven approach to formulaic language in English: Multi-word patterns in speech and writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(3), 275-311. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.14.3.08bib
Bloor, M., & Bloor, T. (1986). Language for specific purposes: Practice and theory. (CLCS occasional paper no. 19). Dublin: Trinity College.
Charles, M. (2006). Phraseological patterns in reporting clauses used in citation: A corpus-based study of theses in two disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 25(3), 310-331. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.esp.2005.05.003
Cheng, W., Greaves, C., & Warren, M. (2006). From n-gram to skipgram to concgram. [Article]. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(4), 411-433.
Chujo, K., & Genung, M. (2004). Comparing the three specialized vocabularies used in ‘Business English,’ TOEIC, and British National Corpus Spoken Business Communications. Practical English Studies, 11, 1-15.
Chung, T. M., & Nation, P. (2004). Identifying technical vocabulary. System, 32(2), 251-263.
Clear, J. (1993). From Firth Principles: Computational tools for the study of collocation. In M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and technology: In honour of John Sinclair (pp. 271-292). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Coxhead, A. (2000). A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2), 213-238.
Coxhead, A., & Nation, P. (2001). The specialised vocabulary of English for academic purposes. In J. Flowerdew & M. Peacock (Eds.), Research perspectives on English for Academic Purposes (pp. 252-267). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crystal, D. (2003). A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (5 ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Danielsson, P. (2003). Automatic extraction of meaningful units from corpora: A corpus-driven approach using the word stroke. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 8(1), 109-127.
Danielsson, P. (2007). What constitutes a unit of analysis in language? Linguistik online, 31. Retrieved from http://www.linguistik-online.de/31_07/danielsson.pdf
Dudley-Evans, T. (2001). Team-teaching in EAP: Changes and adaptations in the Birmingham approach. In J. Flowerdew & M. Peacock (Eds.), Research perspectives on English for Academic Purposes (pp. 225-238). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M. J. (1998). Developments in ESP: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dunning, T. (1993). Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence. Computational Linguistics, 19(1), 61-74.
Durrant, P. (2009). Investigating the viability of a collocation list for students of English for academic purposes. English for Specific Purposes, 28(3), 157-169.
Flowerdew, J., & Peacock, M. (2001). Issues in EAP: A preliminary perspective. In J. Flowerdew & M. Peacock (Eds.), Research Pespectives on English for Academic Purposes (pp. 8-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flowerdew, J., & Wan, A. (2010). The linguistic and the contextual in applied genre analysis: The case of the company audit report. English for Specific Purposes, 29(2), 78-93.
Flowerdew, L. (1998). Corpus linguistic techniques applied to textlinguistics. System, 26(4), 541-552.
Flowerdew, L. (2005). An integration of corpus-based and genre-based approaches to text analysis in EAP/ESP: Countering criticisms against corpus-based methodologies. English for Specific Purposes, 24(3), 321-332.
Francis, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1979). Brown Corpus manual: Manual of information to accompany a standard corpus of present-day edited American English, for use with digital computers. Retrieved from http://icame.uib.no/brown/bcm.html
Greaves, C. (2005). Introduction to ConcGram©. Tuscan Word Centre Intrenational Workshop.
Groom, N. (2005). Pattern and meaning across genres and disciplines: An exploratory study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4(3), 257-277.
Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hunston, S. (2008). Starting with the small words: Patterns, lexis and semantic sequences. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(3), 271-295.
Hunston, S., & Francis, G. (1998). Verbs observed: A corpus-driven pedagogic grammar. Applied Linguistics, 19(1), 45-72.
Hyland, K. (2002). Specificity revisited: how far should we go now? English for Specific Purposes, 21(4), 385-395. doi: Doi: 10.1016/s0889-4906(01)00028-x
Hyland, K. (2008). As can be seen: Lexical bundles and disciplinary variation. English for Specific Purposes, 27(1), 4-21. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.esp.2007.06.001
Jablonkai, R. (2010). English in the context of European integration: A corpus-driven analysis of lexical bundles in English EU documents. English for Specific Purposes, 29(4), 253-267. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.esp.2010.04.006
Kay, H., & Dudley-Evans, T. (1998). Genre: what teachers think. ELT Journal, 52(4), 308-314.
Lewis, M. (2000). Language in the lexical approach. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Teaching collocation (pp. 126-154). Hove, England: Language Teaching Publications.
Menon, S., & Mukundan, J. (2010). Analysing collocational patterns of semi-technical words in science textbooks. Pertanika Journal of Social Science & Humanities, 18(2), 241-258.
Nelson, M. (2000). A corpus-based study of the lexis of Business English and Business English teaching materials. Unpublished thesis. University of Manchester. Manchester. Retrieved from http://users.utu.fi/micnel/thesis.html
Römer, U. (2008). Identification impossible?: A corpus approach to realisations of evaluative meaning in academic writing. Functions of Language, 15(1), 115-130.
ReplSoft.com. (2010). Useful File Utilities (Version 3.6) [Computer software].
Schmitt, N. (2010). Researching vocabulary: A vocabulary research manual. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schulze, R., & Römer, U. (2008). Introduction: Patterns, meaningful units and specialized discourses. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(3), 265-270.
Scott, M. (1997). PC analysis of key words -- And key key words. System, 25(2), 233-245.
Scott, M. (2011a). WordSmith Tools (Version 5.0) [Computer Software]. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software.
Scott, M. (2011b). WordSmith Tools Help [Software Manual]. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software.
Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus, concordance, collocation. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Wang, J., Liang, S.-l., & Ge, G.-c. (2008). Establishment of a Medical Academic Word List. English for Specific Purposes, 27(4), 442-458.
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Ward, J. (2009b). EAP reading and lexis for Thai engineering undergraduates. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 8(4), 294-301.
Wu, H., & Badger, R. G. (2009). In a strange and uncharted land: ESP teachers` strategies for dealing with unpredicted problems in subject knowledge during class. English for Specific Purposes, 28(1), 19-32.
Yeung, L. (2007). In search of commonalities: Some linguistic and rhetorical features of business reports as a genre. English for Specific Purposes, 26(2), 156-179. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.esp.2006.06.004
鄭恆雄, 張郇慧, 程玉秀, & 顧英秀. (2002). 高中英文參考詞彙表 [Senior High English Wordlist for Reference]. Retrieved from http://www.ceec.edu.tw/Research2/doc_980828/ce37/5.pdf
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
97551020
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097551020
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張郇慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Claire H. H.en_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳俊宏zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chen, Chun Hungen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳俊宏zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chen, Chun Hungen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Feb-2013 16:47:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Feb-2013 16:47:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Feb-2013 16:47:55 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097551020en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/56802-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97551020zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 對專業英語教學而言，如何擇取語言教學內容，是一項相當重要的工作。學界一般建議專業英語教學教師，以與專業科目教師協同合作的方式，來共同協商出語言教學內容。但此協同方式的運作，往往受限於教學資源及教師之間對何謂知識的認知差距，常常窒礙難行。本研究即著力於探討語料庫方法運用在擇取專業英語教學內容的實際操作，期盼能提供一套有效的解決方案。

本研究將研究內容鎖定在普通單字及普通單字所組成的語言詞塊，並特別將研究範圍著重於商業文類。為了使本研究順利進行，作者應用語料庫相關知識，建立了一個商業年報語料庫。在擷取普通單字及語言詞塊時，也嚴謹運用了相關的語料庫技術，如單字顯著程度、單字涵蓋範圍、及累積詞頻法等等。此研究找出了數量適中的普通單字，能利於在授課時間有限的專業英語教學，進行課程規劃。本研究也證實了普通單字，會因為所處的文類不同，而組成不同的語言詞塊。

本論文的研究結果及研究流程，展示了以語料庫方法擷取專業英語教學的語學內容，效率良好，結果明確。同時本研究的研究結果，也將語言的慣性組成模式，顯明出來。最後，本研究的研究結果所顯示的普通單字，乃是專業英文與一般英文共享重疊的單字，可視之為一般英語教學銜接至專業英語教學的重要教學內容。由於研究過程採用了高中英語參考詞彙表，本研究之結果特別適用於台灣的英語教學情境，尤其對大學商學院之英語教學，更是貼切實用。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study aims to apply corpus method on filtering out language content for ESP course. Following Dudley-Evans and St John’s (1998) idea of real content, this thesis focuses on locating general lexis from different genres.

For this study, general lexis is viewed as common words and formulaic language composed with common words. In this project, common words are extracted from a homemade Business Reports Corpus (BRC) with reference to Senior High English Wordlist for Reference (SHEWR) [高中英文參考詞彙表] and Chinese–English Translation of Important Accounting Terms [重要會計用語中英對照] in Taiwan, also with notions of corpus linguistics including keyness and text coverage. Then with number of extracted common words being compared to the total amount of SHEWR, practicality of SHEWR applied in business genre is measured and a subset word bank of SHEWR is identified to link instruction of English of General Purpose to that of English of Specific Purposes in the context of Taiwan.

Secondly, formulaic language is regarded as multi-word units composed with previously extracted common words. Instead of Mutual Information, t-score, or lexical bundles, Danielsson’s (2007) method of cumulative frequency is adopted to locate formulaic language. Cross-genre analyses on formulaic language identified from BRC, Subdivision A of Brown Corpus (texts of reportage) and Subdivision H of Brown Corpus (official documents) are conducted to verify whether composition of formulaic language is correlated with types of genre, which may affect description of phraseology as well as practice of the English teaching method Lexical Approach (Lewis, 2000).

This thesis has successfully demonstrated that the corpus method is a handy and efficient approach for ESP practitioners to sort out language content for instruction. One by-product of this study is that the difficulty level (as designated in SHEWR) of extracted common words is attached to allow further investigation together with data of text coverage and overall frequency.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 COMMON WORDS IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 5
2.1.1 Common core hypothesis 6
2.1.2 Specifiable words in specific genres 8
2.1.3 Lexical patterns in different contexts 9
2.1.4 Tentative research question 12
2.2 EXTRACTION OF WORDS 12
2.2.1 Common words 13
2.2.2 Tentative research question 14
2.2.3 Specialized words 15
2.2.4 Summary on methods for extracting words 18
2.2.5 Operational definition of common words 19
2.3 IDENTIFICATION OF FORMULAIC LANGUAGE 20
2.3.1 Collocation 21
2.3.2 Lexical bundles (N-Grams) 24
2.3.3 Cumulative frequency 26
2.4 INTEGRATING CORPUS RESEARCH WITH GENRE-BASED METHOD 28
2.5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 31

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN 35
3.1 CREATING BUSINESS REPORTS CORPUS 35
3.1.1 Source of data 35
3.1.2 Corpus size 36
3.1.3 Representativeness and balance 37
3.1.4 Dealing with technical compounds 37
3.1.5 Procedure for creating BRC 39
3.2 EXTRACTING COMMON WORDS 46
3.2.1 Excluding technical words and compounds 46
3.2.2 Keyword, words with unusually frequency 46
3.2.3 Matching words in Senior High English Wordlist for Reference 47
3.2.4 Key-keyword, keywords sorted according to text coverage 48
3.2.5 Procedure for extracting common words with WordSmith Tools 48
3.3 LOCATING FORMULAIC LANGUAGE FROM DIFFERENT GENRES 57
3.3.1 Selecting genres for comparing formulaic language 57
3.3.2 Syntagmatic variation and paradigmatic variation of formulaic language 59
3.3.3 Procedure for identifying formulaic language with AntConc 59
3.4 FLOWCHART OF RESEARCH DESIGN 66

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 67
4.1 EXTRACTED COMMON WORDS 67
4.2 LENGTH OF FORMULAIC LANGUAGE ACROSS GENRES 74
4.3 COMPOSITION OF FORMULAIC LANGUAGE ACROSS GENRES 77
4.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 89

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 91
5.1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND RESEARCH RESULTS 91
5.2 SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPLICATION 93
5.3 RESEARCH IN PROSPECT 94

REFERENCES 97
APPENDICES 103		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097551020en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 專業英語教學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 單字表zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 高中英文參考詞彙表zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 商業英文zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語料庫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 文類分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞塊zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corpusen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) English for Specific Purposes (ESP)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) English for Business Purpose (EBP)en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) formulaic languageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) keynessen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phraseologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) real contenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) syntagmatic variationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) paradigmatic variationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) wordlisten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) genre analysisen_US
dc.title (題名) 普通單字在特殊文類的呈現：針對商業年報語言詞塊之語料庫研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) General lexis in specialized genre: a corpus study on formulaic language in business reportsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Accounting Research and Development Foundation of the Republic of China. (2011). 重要會計用語中英對照 [Chinese-English translation of important Accounting terms]. Retrieved from http://www.ardf.org.tw/html/tifrs1000128.pdf
Anthony, L. (2010). AntConc (Version 3.2.1) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Retrieved from http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/
Baker, M. (1988). Sub-technical vocabulary and the ESP teacher: An analysis of some rhetorical items in medical journal articles. Reading in a Foreign Language, 4(2), 91-105.
Baron, A., Rayson, P., & Archer, D. (2009). Word frequency and key word statistics in corpus linguistics. Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies, 20(1), 41-67.
Barron, C. (2003). Problem-solving and EAP: Themes and issues in a collaborative teaching venture. English for Specific Purposes, 22(3), 297-314.
Basturkmen, H. (2006). Ideas and options in English for specific purposes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Belcher, D. D. (2006). English for Specific Purposes: Teaching to perceived needs and imagined futures in worlds of work, study, and everyday life. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 133-156.
Biber, D. (2009). A corpus-driven approach to formulaic language in English: Multi-word patterns in speech and writing. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14(3), 275-311. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.14.3.08bib
Bloor, M., & Bloor, T. (1986). Language for specific purposes: Practice and theory. (CLCS occasional paper no. 19). Dublin: Trinity College.
Charles, M. (2006). Phraseological patterns in reporting clauses used in citation: A corpus-based study of theses in two disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 25(3), 310-331. doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.esp.2005.05.003
Cheng, W., Greaves, C., & Warren, M. (2006). From n-gram to skipgram to concgram. [Article]. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 11(4), 411-433.
Chujo, K., & Genung, M. (2004). Comparing the three specialized vocabularies used in ‘Business English,’ TOEIC, and British National Corpus Spoken Business Communications. Practical English Studies, 11, 1-15.
Chung, T. M., & Nation, P. (2004). Identifying technical vocabulary. System, 32(2), 251-263.
Clear, J. (1993). From Firth Principles: Computational tools for the study of collocation. In M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli (Eds.), Text and technology: In honour of John Sinclair (pp. 271-292). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Coxhead, A. (2000). A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly, 34(2), 213-238.
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