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題名 為何我們應當赤裸—從自然談華特．惠特曼之「民主的展望」
Why We Should Be Naked—Nature in Walt Whitman`s "Democratic Vistas"
作者 林欣眉
Lin, May
貢獻者 施堂模
Thomas J. Sellari
林欣眉
Lin, May
關鍵詞 華特惠特曼
民主
自然
詩
Walt Whitman
Democracy
Nature
Poetry
Nakedness
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-Mar-2013 09:23:49 (UTC+8)
摘要 在歷史上，民主被賦予多元的體現和闡述的概念。華特．惠特曼對於民主在他所處的十九世紀美國之養成，別有一番見解。惠特曼式的民主源自於他在身體、自然和詩作方面的哲學，他認為民主並不須侷限於一種政府的形式。他的詩作往往展現了吸引人以及包羅萬象的特質，而這也是他民主觀念所承襲的特點。因此，他所寫的關於身體和自然的詩和他民主觀念的形成有著密切的關係。當然，當這些有關身體和自然的詩被個別詮釋時，這些詮釋已對於惠特曼式的超驗主義產生了多元的洞見，並進一步將他超驗主義的觀念和浪漫時期詩人與拉爾夫．沃爾多．愛默生等人的超驗主義作所區別。為了要更進一步去探索惠特曼式超驗主義不同的特質，我分析了他所寫的有關身體和自然的詩作，探討這些詩作在他歌頌民主時，所共同表達的強而有力的聲音。 我已證實，一旦我們對於「民主的展望」一文的了解越過了單一政治性思考之藩籬，我們便可以理解這篇散文對於惠特曼在詩學、自然的領略，和人類身體等觀念，有十分重要的貢獻。
Democracy, a concept that has been embodied and expounded greatly in history, is presented in an idiosyncratic manner in Walt Whitman’s nineteenth-century America. Instead of viewing democracy simply as a form of government, Whitman’s democracy resides in his philosophy of the body, Nature, and poetry. While his poetry demonstrates an absorbing and embracive quality that his concept of democracy inherits, his poems about the body and Nature should be understood as retaining a close relation to his democratic ideation. The independent interpretations of the poems of the body and Nature have certainly generated diverse insights into Whitmanian transcendentalism, distinguishing his transcendental notion from that of the Romantic poets and of Ralph Waldo Emerson. To further explore the distinct attributes of Whitman’s transcendentalism, I have analyzed the poems of the body and Nature as a collective voice that produces a powerful sound in his song of democracy. I have proved that once our understanding of Democratic Vistas is expanded beyond the field of politics, we can see how fundamental this essay is to Whitman’s poetics, theories of Nature, and the human body.
參考文獻 Aspiz, Harold. “The Body Politic in Democratic Vistas.” Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays. Ed. Ed Folsom. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1994. 105-119. Print.
Brooks, David. “What Whitman Knew.” Atlantic Monthly 291 (2003): 32-33. Print.
Brasas, Juan A. Herrero. Walt Whitman`s Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginality of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity. NY: State U of New York P, 2010. Print.
Buell, Lawrence. “Transcendentalist Catalogue Rhetoric: Vision Versus Form.” FAS Scholarly Articles. Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard, 1968. Web. 30 Oct. 2011.
Carlyle, Thomas. “Characteristics.” The Harvard Classics 25 (1831): 1-19. Print.
---. Heroes and Hero Worships. London: Chapman and Hall, 1869. Print.
---. Shooting Niagara: And After? London: Chapman and Hall, 1867. Print.
Dean, Susan. “Seeds of Quakerism at the Roots of Leaves of Grass.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 16 (1999): 191-201. Print.
Doudna, Martin K. “Nature.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 451-54. Print.
Dowden, Edward. “The Poetry of Democracy: Walt Whitman.” The Westminster Review 96 (1871): 33-68. Print.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Nature and Selected Essays. London: Penguin, 2003. Print.
Erkkila, Betsy. Whitman the Political Poet. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989. Print.
Foerster, Norman. “Whitman as a Poet of Nature.” PMLA 31 (1916): 736-8. Print.
Gougeon, Len. “Whitman’s 1855 Leaves of Grass: Another Contemporary Review.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 1 (1983): 37-39. Print.
Grier, Edward F. “Walt Whitman, The Galaxy, And Democratic Vistas.” American Literature 23 (1951): 332-51. Print.
Gutman, Huck. “I Sing the Body Electric [1855].” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 296-98. Print.
Irving, Washington. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. Paris: Baudry’s European Lib., 1846. Print.
Johnstone, Robert. “Poetic Theory.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 525-28. Print.
Kazin, Alfred. “Democracy According to Whitman.” Commentary 61 (1976): 52. Print.
Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. Whitman’s Poetry of the Body: Sexuality, Politics, and the Text. Chapel Hill: U of NC P, 1991. Print.
Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. Walt Whitman and the Earth: A Study in Ecopoetics. Iowa: U of Iowa P. 2005. Print.
Kuebrich, David. “The Sea.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 621-23. Print.
Lewin, Walter. “Review of Democratic Vistas, and Other Papers.” The Academy 33 (1888): 441-42. Print.
Mack, Stephen John. The Pragmatic Whitman: Reimagining American Democracy. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 2002. Print.
Matthiessen, F. O. American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman. NY: Oxford UP, 1942. Print.
Natanson, Nicholas. “Whitman’s ‘Election Day, November 1884’.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 5 (1988): 14-17. Print.
Nelson, Howard. “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 156-58. Print.
Olson, Steven. “Song of the Redwood-Tree.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 664-65. Print.
Orlov, Paul A. “On Time and Form in Whitman’s ‘Crossing Brooklyn Ferry’.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 2 (1984): 12-21. Print.
Peyser, Thomas G. “Capitalist Vistas: Walt Whitman and Spontaneous Order.” Literature and the Economics of Liberty. Ed. Cantor, Paul A. and Stephen Cox. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Inst., 2009. Print.
Pincus, Robert L.. “A Mediated Vision, a Measured Voice: Culture and Criticism in Whitman’s Prose.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 2 (1984): 22-31. Print.
Reynolds, David S. Walt Whitman: Lives and Legacies. NY: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
Setzer, Susan. “Whitman, Transcendentalism, and the American Dream: Alliance with Nature’s Government through Language.” Modern Science and Vedic Science 9 (1999): 2-47. Print.
Slater, Joseph. Ed. The Correspondence of Emerson and Carlyle. NY: Columbia UP, 1964. Print.
Traubel, Horace. With Walt Whitman in Camden. Ed. Matt Cohen. 6 vols. 1982. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.
Trilling, Lionel. “Sermon on A Text from Whitman.” The Nation 160 (1945): 215-20. Print.
Unger, Roberto M. and Cornel West. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform. Boston: Beacon, 1998. Print.
Weinreich, Regina. “The Bard of L.I.’s Life as a Window on 19th-Century America.” New York Times 7 May 1995: 8. Print.
Wolosky, Shira. “Walt Whitman: the Offices of the Poet.” The Cambridge History of American Literature: Nineteenth-Century Poetry, 1800–1910. Ed. Sacvan Bercovitch. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print.
Wrobel, Arthur. “Democratic Vistas (1871).” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 176-78. Print.
Whitman, Walt. Poetry and Prose. Ed. Justin Kaplan. NY: The Library of America, 1996. Print.
Wilentz, Sean. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. NY: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.
Zapata-Whelan, Carol M. “For You O Democracy.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 225-26. Print.
Ziff, Larzer. Introduction. Nature and Selected Essays. By Ralph Waldo Emerson. NY: Penguin, 2003. Print.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
98551005
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098551005
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 施堂模zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Thomas J. Sellarien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 林欣眉zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lin, Mayen_US
dc.creator (作者) 林欣眉zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lin, Mayen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2013 09:23:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2013 09:23:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2013 09:23:49 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098551005en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/57026-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98551005zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在歷史上，民主被賦予多元的體現和闡述的概念。華特．惠特曼對於民主在他所處的十九世紀美國之養成，別有一番見解。惠特曼式的民主源自於他在身體、自然和詩作方面的哲學，他認為民主並不須侷限於一種政府的形式。他的詩作往往展現了吸引人以及包羅萬象的特質，而這也是他民主觀念所承襲的特點。因此，他所寫的關於身體和自然的詩和他民主觀念的形成有著密切的關係。當然，當這些有關身體和自然的詩被個別詮釋時，這些詮釋已對於惠特曼式的超驗主義產生了多元的洞見，並進一步將他超驗主義的觀念和浪漫時期詩人與拉爾夫．沃爾多．愛默生等人的超驗主義作所區別。為了要更進一步去探索惠特曼式超驗主義不同的特質，我分析了他所寫的有關身體和自然的詩作，探討這些詩作在他歌頌民主時，所共同表達的強而有力的聲音。 我已證實，一旦我們對於「民主的展望」一文的了解越過了單一政治性思考之藩籬，我們便可以理解這篇散文對於惠特曼在詩學、自然的領略，和人類身體等觀念，有十分重要的貢獻。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Democracy, a concept that has been embodied and expounded greatly in history, is presented in an idiosyncratic manner in Walt Whitman’s nineteenth-century America. Instead of viewing democracy simply as a form of government, Whitman’s democracy resides in his philosophy of the body, Nature, and poetry. While his poetry demonstrates an absorbing and embracive quality that his concept of democracy inherits, his poems about the body and Nature should be understood as retaining a close relation to his democratic ideation. The independent interpretations of the poems of the body and Nature have certainly generated diverse insights into Whitmanian transcendentalism, distinguishing his transcendental notion from that of the Romantic poets and of Ralph Waldo Emerson. To further explore the distinct attributes of Whitman’s transcendentalism, I have analyzed the poems of the body and Nature as a collective voice that produces a powerful sound in his song of democracy. I have proved that once our understanding of Democratic Vistas is expanded beyond the field of politics, we can see how fundamental this essay is to Whitman’s poetics, theories of Nature, and the human body.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of Contents

Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………..iii
Chinese Abstract............................................................................................................v
English Abstract............................................................................................................vi
Chapter 1
The Creation of America—From Nakedness to Democracy………...............1
Chapter 2
“Germs of all”—Whitman The Transcendentalist of Reconstruction……...23
Chapter 3
“A Leaf for Hand in Hand”—Whitman The Democratic Poet of Nature…..41
Chapter 4
“O Powerful Western Fallen Star”—Whitman The Patriot of Kosmos…….59
Chapter 5
The Future of America—Poetry of The Universal Nature………………….77

Works Cited..................................................................................................................86		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098551005en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 華特惠特曼zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 民主zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 自然zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詩zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Walt Whitmanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Democracyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Natureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Poetryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Nakednessen_US
dc.title (題名) 為何我們應當赤裸—從自然談華特．惠特曼之「民主的展望」zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Why We Should Be Naked—Nature in Walt Whitman`s "Democratic Vistas"en_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aspiz, Harold. “The Body Politic in Democratic Vistas.” Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays. Ed. Ed Folsom. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 1994. 105-119. Print.
Brooks, David. “What Whitman Knew.” Atlantic Monthly 291 (2003): 32-33. Print.
Brasas, Juan A. Herrero. Walt Whitman`s Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginality of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity. NY: State U of New York P, 2010. Print.
Buell, Lawrence. “Transcendentalist Catalogue Rhetoric: Vision Versus Form.” FAS Scholarly Articles. Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard, 1968. Web. 30 Oct. 2011.
Carlyle, Thomas. “Characteristics.” The Harvard Classics 25 (1831): 1-19. Print.
---. Heroes and Hero Worships. London: Chapman and Hall, 1869. Print.
---. Shooting Niagara: And After? London: Chapman and Hall, 1867. Print.
Dean, Susan. “Seeds of Quakerism at the Roots of Leaves of Grass.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 16 (1999): 191-201. Print.
Doudna, Martin K. “Nature.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 451-54. Print.
Dowden, Edward. “The Poetry of Democracy: Walt Whitman.” The Westminster Review 96 (1871): 33-68. Print.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Nature and Selected Essays. London: Penguin, 2003. Print.
Erkkila, Betsy. Whitman the Political Poet. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989. Print.
Foerster, Norman. “Whitman as a Poet of Nature.” PMLA 31 (1916): 736-8. Print.
Gougeon, Len. “Whitman’s 1855 Leaves of Grass: Another Contemporary Review.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 1 (1983): 37-39. Print.
Grier, Edward F. “Walt Whitman, The Galaxy, And Democratic Vistas.” American Literature 23 (1951): 332-51. Print.
Gutman, Huck. “I Sing the Body Electric [1855].” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 296-98. Print.
Irving, Washington. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. Paris: Baudry’s European Lib., 1846. Print.
Johnstone, Robert. “Poetic Theory.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 525-28. Print.
Kazin, Alfred. “Democracy According to Whitman.” Commentary 61 (1976): 52. Print.
Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. Whitman’s Poetry of the Body: Sexuality, Politics, and the Text. Chapel Hill: U of NC P, 1991. Print.
Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. Walt Whitman and the Earth: A Study in Ecopoetics. Iowa: U of Iowa P. 2005. Print.
Kuebrich, David. “The Sea.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 621-23. Print.
Lewin, Walter. “Review of Democratic Vistas, and Other Papers.” The Academy 33 (1888): 441-42. Print.
Mack, Stephen John. The Pragmatic Whitman: Reimagining American Democracy. Iowa: U of Iowa P, 2002. Print.
Matthiessen, F. O. American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman. NY: Oxford UP, 1942. Print.
Natanson, Nicholas. “Whitman’s ‘Election Day, November 1884’.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 5 (1988): 14-17. Print.
Nelson, Howard. “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 156-58. Print.
Olson, Steven. “Song of the Redwood-Tree.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 664-65. Print.
Orlov, Paul A. “On Time and Form in Whitman’s ‘Crossing Brooklyn Ferry’.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 2 (1984): 12-21. Print.
Peyser, Thomas G. “Capitalist Vistas: Walt Whitman and Spontaneous Order.” Literature and the Economics of Liberty. Ed. Cantor, Paul A. and Stephen Cox. Auburn: The Ludwig von Mises Inst., 2009. Print.
Pincus, Robert L.. “A Mediated Vision, a Measured Voice: Culture and Criticism in Whitman’s Prose.” Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 2 (1984): 22-31. Print.
Reynolds, David S. Walt Whitman: Lives and Legacies. NY: Oxford UP, 2005. Print.
Setzer, Susan. “Whitman, Transcendentalism, and the American Dream: Alliance with Nature’s Government through Language.” Modern Science and Vedic Science 9 (1999): 2-47. Print.
Slater, Joseph. Ed. The Correspondence of Emerson and Carlyle. NY: Columbia UP, 1964. Print.
Traubel, Horace. With Walt Whitman in Camden. Ed. Matt Cohen. 6 vols. 1982. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.
Trilling, Lionel. “Sermon on A Text from Whitman.” The Nation 160 (1945): 215-20. Print.
Unger, Roberto M. and Cornel West. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform. Boston: Beacon, 1998. Print.
Weinreich, Regina. “The Bard of L.I.’s Life as a Window on 19th-Century America.” New York Times 7 May 1995: 8. Print.
Wolosky, Shira. “Walt Whitman: the Offices of the Poet.” The Cambridge History of American Literature: Nineteenth-Century Poetry, 1800–1910. Ed. Sacvan Bercovitch. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print.
Wrobel, Arthur. “Democratic Vistas (1871).” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 176-78. Print.
Whitman, Walt. Poetry and Prose. Ed. Justin Kaplan. NY: The Library of America, 1996. Print.
Wilentz, Sean. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. NY: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.
Zapata-Whelan, Carol M. “For You O Democracy.” Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia. Ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings. NY: Garland, 1998. 225-26. Print.
Ziff, Larzer. Introduction. Nature and Selected Essays. By Ralph Waldo Emerson. NY: Penguin, 2003. Print.		zh_TW