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題名 人類本位的貌似真實：奧登與麥卡錫的毀滅書寫
Anthropocentric Plausibility: Auden and McCarthy on Destruction
作者 余忠諺
Yu, Chung-Yen
貢獻者 施堂模
Thomas John Sellari
余忠諺
Yu, Chung-Yen
關鍵詞 人類本位
威斯坦·休·奧登
戈馬克·麥卡錫
比較文學
毀滅
Anthropocentrism
W. H. Auden
Cormac McCarthy
Comparative literature
Destruction
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-Mar-2013 09:23:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文之研究目的在於解析奧登三首詩作 (“Spain,” “Memorial for the City” and “In Praise of Limestone”) 及麥卡錫小說 (The Road) 中的語言特質與象徵元素，以進一步釐清其作品中自然、歷史，和宗教的位階關係。針對奧登的詩作，前人已多有研究。除了學術著述之外，本論文亦援用1) 當時評論家在作品初版時對奧登的批評，以究探其語言特性對於讀者的第一手效應；2) 奧登本人在各時期對於宗教、歷史，和自然的論著，試圖追溯其思考軌跡。而就麥卡錫而言，文獻上與奧登相同處在於使用了許多當代評論；不同處在於麥卡錫本人幾乎不撰寫論述性文章或接受訪談。在麥卡錫本人不願多談其創作哲學的情況下，批評家與學者們普遍認為：麥卡錫的語言特性致使他的作品具備高度的不定性 (第一章中將有討論)。本論文企圖以比較的方式，提供麥卡錫作品研究一個有力的支點，並也希望提供奧登詩作一個略新的檢視面向。
     論文研究的主要背景為兩位作者對「毀滅」場景的刻畫，分析兩者在「毀滅」之中如何構築人類對於文明、外在環境，乃至於自身的認知。論文第一章在文獻回顧的同時也論及了奧登的宗教觀，並略微闡述為何麥卡錫有被如是考量的可能。第二章著重在作品中自然與人的關係；以石灰石 (limestone) 為代表，端看兩者作品中 (主要為 “In Praise of Limestone” 與 The Road) 人類如何賦予自然定義。的三章討論時間，以奧登在論述宗教時所謂的 “Natural time” 與 “Historical time” 看其作品中時間在毀滅之時的潛在壓力與崩解，並進而以此切入點閱讀 The Road 中的毀滅時態。第四章探究在 “Historical time” 的框架下，兩者作品中是否有意圖追尋「救贖」之可能；或說，何故「救贖」在他們的語境下成為一個強烈的考量。
This thesis aims to analyze the three poems of Auden (“Spain,” “Memorial for the City” and “In Praise of Limestone”) and Cormac McCarthy’s novel The Road. It pays attention to both authors’ language and image which construct the hierarchy of nature, history and religion in their works. As many analyses have been made on Auden, besides scholarly literature, the thesis also draws the reviews upon some poems’ first publication in order to see the first-hand effect of the poem’s language on its reader. Auden’s discourses upon nature, history and religion are also applied for seeking after the trace of his thinking. As to McCarthy, many book reviews are applied because the 2006 novel is still too young to yield a great amount of scholarly discourse. Different from Auden, McCarthy does not write discourse at all and rarely grants interview so his own artistic dogma is very little known. All is agreed by scholars and reviewers is that his language causes great instability, in term of the work’s theme and philosophy, which will be discussed in chapter one. By a comparison, this thesis hopes to provide a fulcrum upon which further analyses upon McCarthy can be made and a new aspect in reading some of Auden’s works.
     The background of this analysis is the scene of destruction in both authors’ works. It intends to see, in these works, how man’s perception towards civilization, the physical circumstance and himself is constructed during the time of destruction. Chapter one centers on literature review, along with which Auden’s religious viewpoints are discussed. The same chapter also justifies why such religious viewpoints can be helpful in reading The Road. Chapter two emphasizes mankind’s relationship with nature. With limestone as a representative object, chapter two sees how nature is loaded with mankind’s will. Chapter three applies Auden’s “Nature time” and “Historical time” in his discussion of religion, in order to see the frame and the stress of time during the time of destruction. Further in chapter three, the frame of time that Auden argues is applied to read McCarthy’s concept of time in The Road’s destruction. With “Historical time” as the premise, chapter four seeks for the possibility of redemption in both authors’ works and the reason why a redemptive choice is so plausible with their language.
參考文獻 Adams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams. Boston: Houghton, 1974. Print.
     Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1985. Print.
     Auden, W. H. “A Literary Transference.” 1940. The Complete Works of W.H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 2. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2002. 42-49. Print.
     ---. “As It Seemed to Us.” Forewords and Afterwords. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Random, 1983. 492-524. Print.
     ---. “Augustus to Augustine.” Forewords and Afterwords. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Random, 1973. 33-39. Print.
     ---. “Balaam and His Ass.” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1962. 105-45. Print.
     ---. Collected Shorter Poems 1927-1957. London: Faber and Faber, 1966. Print.
     ---. Collected Shorter Poems 1930-1944. London: Faber and Faber, 1950. Print.
     ---. “Making, Knowing and Judging.” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1962. 31-60. Print.
     ---. “Morality in an Age of Change.” 1938. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 1. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1996. 477-86. Print.
     ---. “Nature, History and Poetry.” 1950. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 3. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2008. 226-33. Print.
     ---. “Review of Illusion and Reality by C. Caudwell.” New Verse no. 25 (1937): 20-22. Print.
     ---. “The Dyer’s Hand.” 1955. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 3. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2008. 536-68. Print.
     ---. The Enchafted Flood or the Romantic Iconography of the Sea. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1979. Print.
     ---. “The Greeks and Us.” Forewords and Afterwords. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Random, 1973. 3-32. Print.
     ---. “The Means of Grace.” 1941. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 2. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2002. 131-34. Print.
     ---. “The Things Which are Caesar’s—I.” Theology 53.365 (1950): 410-17. Print.
     ---. “The Virgin and the Dynamo.” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1962. Print.
     ---. W.H. Auden Selected Poems: New Edition. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Vintage, 1979. Print.
     Bell, Vereen M. The Achievement of Cormac McCarthy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1988. Print.
     Berry, K. Wesley. “The Lay of The Land in Cormac McCarthy’s The Orchard Keeper and Child of God.” Southern Quarterly 38.4 (2000): 61. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Oct. 2011. Print.
     Callan, Edward. Auden: A Carnival of Intellect. New York: Oxford UP, 1983. Print.
     Canfield, Douglas J. Mavericks on the Border: The Early Southwest in Historical Fiction and Film. Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 2001. Print.
     Carpenter, Humphrey. W.H. Auden: A Biography. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992. Print.
     Caudwell, Christopher. Illusion and Reality: A Study of the Sources of Poetry. New York: International, 1947. Print.
     Chabon, Michael. “After the Apocalypse.” New York Review of Books 54.2 (2007): 24-26. Print.
     Cochrane, Charles Norris. Christianity and Classical Culture: A Study of Thought and Action from Augustus to Augustine. London: Oxford UP, 1957. Print.
     Curtis, Jan. “W.H. Auden’s Theology of History in Horae Canonicae: ‘Prime,’ ‘Terce,’ and ‘Sext.’” Literature and Theology 11.1 (1997): 46-66.
     Everett, Barbara. “Auden Askew.” London Review of Books 3.21 (1981): 3-6.
     Fountain, James Richard Thomas. “Auden’s SPAIN.” Explicator 65.3 (2007): 171-74.
     Godfrey, Laura Gruber. “‘The World He’d Lost’: Geography and ‘Green’ Memory in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road.” Critique 52.2 (2011): 163-75. Print.
     Graulund, Rune, Carlsberg Postdoctoral Fellow, and Stony Brook. “Fulcrums and Borderlands: A Desert Reading of Cormac McCarthy’s The Road.” Orbis Litterarum 65.1 (2010): 57-78. Print.
     Gray, John. “A Point of View: A Time When Violence is Normal.” BBC News Magazine 16 July 2012: n. pag. Web. 24 July 2012.
     Greenberg, Herbert. Quest for the Necessary: W.H. Auden and the Dilemma of Divided Consciousness. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1968. Print.
     Grigson, Geoffrey. “Spain By W.H. Auden.” New Verse no. 25 (1937): 22. Print.
     Hampsey, John C. “Aestheticizing the Wasteland, Revisioning the Journey: Cormac McCarthy’s The Road.” Gettysburg Review 21.3 (2008): 495-99. Print.
     Herman, David. Story Logic: Problems and Possibilities of Narrative. Lincoln and London: UP of Nebraska, 2002. Print.
     Hecht, Anthony. The Hidden Law: The Poetry of W.H. Auden. Cambridge & London: Harvard UP, 1993. Print.
     Hynes, Samuel. The Auden Generation: Literature and Politics in England in the 1930s. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1972. Print.
     James, Caryn. "Is Everybody Dead Around here?" New York Times: A.31. Apr. 28 1985. New York Times. Web. 15 Oct. 2012 . < http://search.proquest.com>
     Josyph, Peter. “Blood Music: Reading Blood Meridian.” Sacred Violence: A Reader’s Companion to Cormac McCarthy. Ed. Wade Hall and Rick Wallach. El Paso: Texas Western, 1995. Print.
     Kirsch, Arthur. “‘Our Grief Is Not Greek’ Auden’s Poems on War.” Yale Review 96.4 (2008): 32-55. Print.
     Kunsa, Ashley. “‘Maps of the World in Its Becoming’: Post-Apocalyptic Naming in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road.” Journal of Modern Literature 33.1 (2009): 57-74. Print.
     Leavis, F.R. “Poetry and Disintegration.” 1931. W.H. Auden: The Critical Heritage. Ed. John Haffenden. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. 88-91. Print.
     Maslin, Janet. "The Road through Hell, Paved with Desperation." New York Times: 0. Sept. 25 2006. New York Times. Web. 15 Oct. 2012 .
     McCarthy, Cormac. All the Pretty Horses. New York: Vintage, 1993. Print.
     ---. Blood Meridian, Or the Evening Redness in the West. New York: Vintage, 1992. Print.
     ---. Child of God. New York: Vintage International, 1993. Print.
     ---. Cities of the Plain. New York: Random, 1999. Print.
     ---. No Country for Old Men. New York: Vintage International, 2005. Print.
     ---. Outer Dark. New York: Vintage, 1993. Print.
     ---. Suttree. London: Picador, 2010. Print.
     ---. The Crossing. New York: Picador, 2010. Print.
     ---. The Orchard Keeper. New York: Random, 1998. Print.
     ---. The Road. New York: Knopf, 2006. Print.
     McGrath, Charles. “Lone Rider.” The New Yorker 70.19 (1994): 180-85. Print.
     Mendelson, Edward. “Auden’s Revision of Modernism.” Modern Critical Views: W.H. Auden. Ed. Harold Bloom. New Haven: Chelsea, 1986. 111-19. Print.
     ---. Preface. The English Auden: Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writings 1927-1939. By W. H. Auden. Ed. Edward Mendelson. London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1986. xiii-xxiii. Print.
     ---. Introduction. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 3. By W. H. Auden. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2008. xiii-xxxiv. Print.
     Mitchison, Naomi. “The New Generation.” 1930. W.H. Auden: The Critical Heritage. Ed. John Haffenden. London and New York: Routledge, 1997. 81-83. Print.
     Mosle, Sara. "Don`t Let Your Babies Grow Up to be Cowboys: Cities of the Plain." New York Times Book Review. 17 May 1998: 16-18.
     Niebuhr, Reinhold. The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation. 2 Vols. Louisville: John Knox, 1997. Print.
     Orwell, George. Inside the Whale and Other Essays. London: Victor Gollancz, 1940. Print.
     Owens, Barcley. Cormac McCarthy’s Western Novels. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2000. Print.
     Phillips, Dana. “History and the Ugly Facts of Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian.” American Literature 68.2 (1996): 433-60. Print.
     Pike, James A., ed. Modern Canterbury Pilgrims: The Story of Twenty-Three Converts and Why They Chose the Anglican Communion. New York: A.R. Mawbray, 1956. Print.
     Price Parkin, Rebecca. “The Facsimile of Immediacy in W.H. Auden’s ‘In Praise of Limestone’.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 7.3 (1965): 295-304. Print.
     Rambo, Shelly L. “Beyond Redemption?: Reading Cormac McCarthy’s The Road After the End of the World.” Studies in the Literary Imagination 41.2 (2008): 99-120. Print.
     Spears, Monroe K. The Poetry of W.H. Auden: The Disenchanted Island. New York: Oxford UP, 1963. Print.
     Spender, Stephen. Prefatory Note. Quest for the Necessary: W.H. Auden and the Dilemma of Divided Consciousness. By Herbert Greenberg. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1968. Print.
     ---. “Seriously Unserious.” Poetry 78.6 (1951): 352-56. Print.
     ---. World Within World: The Autobiography of Stephen Spender. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of California P, 1966. Print.
     Sullivan, Walter. “Model Citizens and Marginal Cases: Heroes of the Day.” The Sewanee Review 87.2 (1979): 337-44. Print.
     The Scofield Reference Bible. C. I. Scofield, D. D., gen. ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2003. Print.
     Warde, Anthony. “‘Whatever form you spoke of you were right:’ Multivalence and ambiguous address in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road.” Language and Literature 20.4 (2011): 333-46. Print.
     Woodward, Richard B. “Cormac McCarthy’s Venomous Fiction.” New York Times Magazine. 19 Apr. 1992: 28-31, 36, 40. Print.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
99551004
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0995510041
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 施堂模zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Thomas John Sellarien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 余忠諺zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yu, Chung-Yenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 余忠諺zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yu, Chung-Yenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2013 09:23:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2013 09:23:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2013 09:23:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0995510041en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/57029-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99551004zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文之研究目的在於解析奧登三首詩作 (“Spain,” “Memorial for the City” and “In Praise of Limestone”) 及麥卡錫小說 (The Road) 中的語言特質與象徵元素，以進一步釐清其作品中自然、歷史，和宗教的位階關係。針對奧登的詩作，前人已多有研究。除了學術著述之外，本論文亦援用1) 當時評論家在作品初版時對奧登的批評，以究探其語言特性對於讀者的第一手效應；2) 奧登本人在各時期對於宗教、歷史，和自然的論著，試圖追溯其思考軌跡。而就麥卡錫而言，文獻上與奧登相同處在於使用了許多當代評論；不同處在於麥卡錫本人幾乎不撰寫論述性文章或接受訪談。在麥卡錫本人不願多談其創作哲學的情況下，批評家與學者們普遍認為：麥卡錫的語言特性致使他的作品具備高度的不定性 (第一章中將有討論)。本論文企圖以比較的方式，提供麥卡錫作品研究一個有力的支點，並也希望提供奧登詩作一個略新的檢視面向。
     論文研究的主要背景為兩位作者對「毀滅」場景的刻畫，分析兩者在「毀滅」之中如何構築人類對於文明、外在環境，乃至於自身的認知。論文第一章在文獻回顧的同時也論及了奧登的宗教觀，並略微闡述為何麥卡錫有被如是考量的可能。第二章著重在作品中自然與人的關係；以石灰石 (limestone) 為代表，端看兩者作品中 (主要為 “In Praise of Limestone” 與 The Road) 人類如何賦予自然定義。的三章討論時間，以奧登在論述宗教時所謂的 “Natural time” 與 “Historical time” 看其作品中時間在毀滅之時的潛在壓力與崩解，並進而以此切入點閱讀 The Road 中的毀滅時態。第四章探究在 “Historical time” 的框架下，兩者作品中是否有意圖追尋「救贖」之可能；或說，何故「救贖」在他們的語境下成為一個強烈的考量。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis aims to analyze the three poems of Auden (“Spain,” “Memorial for the City” and “In Praise of Limestone”) and Cormac McCarthy’s novel The Road. It pays attention to both authors’ language and image which construct the hierarchy of nature, history and religion in their works. As many analyses have been made on Auden, besides scholarly literature, the thesis also draws the reviews upon some poems’ first publication in order to see the first-hand effect of the poem’s language on its reader. Auden’s discourses upon nature, history and religion are also applied for seeking after the trace of his thinking. As to McCarthy, many book reviews are applied because the 2006 novel is still too young to yield a great amount of scholarly discourse. Different from Auden, McCarthy does not write discourse at all and rarely grants interview so his own artistic dogma is very little known. All is agreed by scholars and reviewers is that his language causes great instability, in term of the work’s theme and philosophy, which will be discussed in chapter one. By a comparison, this thesis hopes to provide a fulcrum upon which further analyses upon McCarthy can be made and a new aspect in reading some of Auden’s works.
     The background of this analysis is the scene of destruction in both authors’ works. It intends to see, in these works, how man’s perception towards civilization, the physical circumstance and himself is constructed during the time of destruction. Chapter one centers on literature review, along with which Auden’s religious viewpoints are discussed. The same chapter also justifies why such religious viewpoints can be helpful in reading The Road. Chapter two emphasizes mankind’s relationship with nature. With limestone as a representative object, chapter two sees how nature is loaded with mankind’s will. Chapter three applies Auden’s “Nature time” and “Historical time” in his discussion of religion, in order to see the frame and the stress of time during the time of destruction. Further in chapter three, the frame of time that Auden argues is applied to read McCarthy’s concept of time in The Road’s destruction. With “Historical time” as the premise, chapter four seeks for the possibility of redemption in both authors’ works and the reason why a redemptive choice is so plausible with their language.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgment……………………………………………iii
     Chinese Abstract………………………………………………v
     English Abstract………………………………………………vi
     Chapter 1………………………………………………………1
     A Religious Problem of Auden…………………………5
     Auden’s Style…………………………………………9
     McCarthy’s Style………………………………………11
     Return to Religion………………………………………16
     Chapter 2……………………………………………………21
     The Voice of Limestone in Auden’s Poetry………………22
     Nature and Artifact in The Road…………………………28
     Man’s Resistance against Predictable Conduct…………32
     Chapter 3………………………………………………………41
     The Historical World………………………………………44
     The Query of Ever………………………………………54
     Chapter 4………………………………………………………63
     “God” as Educational Strategy………………………72
     The Replacement of the Name of God……………………80
     Chapter 5………………………………………………………91
     Works Cited……………………………………………………102		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0995510041en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人類本位zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 威斯坦·休·奧登zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 戈馬克·麥卡錫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 比較文學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 毀滅zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Anthropocentrismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) W. H. Audenen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Cormac McCarthyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Comparative literatureen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Destructionen_US
dc.title (題名) 人類本位的貌似真實：奧登與麥卡錫的毀滅書寫zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Anthropocentric Plausibility: Auden and McCarthy on Destructionen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Adams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams. Boston: Houghton, 1974. Print.
     Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1985. Print.
     Auden, W. H. “A Literary Transference.” 1940. The Complete Works of W.H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 2. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2002. 42-49. Print.
     ---. “As It Seemed to Us.” Forewords and Afterwords. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Random, 1983. 492-524. Print.
     ---. “Augustus to Augustine.” Forewords and Afterwords. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Random, 1973. 33-39. Print.
     ---. “Balaam and His Ass.” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1962. 105-45. Print.
     ---. Collected Shorter Poems 1927-1957. London: Faber and Faber, 1966. Print.
     ---. Collected Shorter Poems 1930-1944. London: Faber and Faber, 1950. Print.
     ---. “Making, Knowing and Judging.” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1962. 31-60. Print.
     ---. “Morality in an Age of Change.” 1938. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 1. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1996. 477-86. Print.
     ---. “Nature, History and Poetry.” 1950. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 3. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2008. 226-33. Print.
     ---. “Review of Illusion and Reality by C. Caudwell.” New Verse no. 25 (1937): 20-22. Print.
     ---. “The Dyer’s Hand.” 1955. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 3. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2008. 536-68. Print.
     ---. The Enchafted Flood or the Romantic Iconography of the Sea. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1979. Print.
     ---. “The Greeks and Us.” Forewords and Afterwords. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Random, 1973. 3-32. Print.
     ---. “The Means of Grace.” 1941. The Complete Works of W. H. Auden: Prose. Vol. 2. Ed. Edward Mendelson. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2002. 131-34. Print.
     ---. “The Things Which are Caesar’s—I.” Theology 53.365 (1950): 410-17. Print.
     ---. “The Virgin and the Dynamo.” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays. London: Faber and Faber, 1962. Print.
     ---. W.H. Auden Selected Poems: New Edition. Ed. Edward Mendelson. New York: Vintage, 1979. Print.
     Bell, Vereen M. The Achievement of Cormac McCarthy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1988. Print.
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