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題名 兒童在同儕對話中的拒絕策略
Children`s Refusal Strategy in Peer Talk
作者 鍾易儒
Jong, Yih Ru
貢獻者 黃瓊之
Huang, Chiung Chih
鍾易儒
Jong, Yih Ru
關鍵詞 拒絕
兒童
語言習得
性別差異
同儕
日期 2011
上傳時間 1-May-2013 11:46:38 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究旨在探討孩童在同儕對話中所使用的拒絕策略，以及說話者及聽者的性別對於拒絕策略選擇之影響。研究語料來自兩人或三人一組的孩童在玩耍時的對話，孩童的年紀在四歲七個月到五歲十個月之間。本研究主要採用Beebe等人所提供的拒絕策略分類，研究結果發現，孩童在同儕對話中使用較多的間接拒絕策略(70%)，這也顯示出孩童避免與同儕產生正面衝突，並且努力維護彼此間的友誼。在所有策略中，孩童最常使用的是簡單否定(simple negation: 31.8%)以及提供理由(reason: 26.7%)；此外，在這個年紀的孩童在一次拒絕中，大多只使用一種拒絕策略。
而在性別的影響方面，則發現在同性別的互動中，女生比男生使用了更多的直接拒絕策略；此外，與在同性別互動中的表現相比，女生在不同性別的互動中變得更直接，而男生則變得較委婉。研究也發現，孩童會根據不同性別選擇特定的拒絕策略，例如，男生較常對女生使用非語言性的迴避策略(nonverbal avoidance)。本研究中討論了造成此現象可能的原因，像是中國文化中女人的角色、家長對不同性別孩童的教育方式，和不同性別的孩童之間友誼的強弱等等。總而言之，研究發現不論是說話者的性別或者聽者的性別都會對拒絕策略的選擇造成一定的影響。
This study aims to explore children’s refusal performance in peer talk and how speakers’ and interlocutors’ genders influence their choice of refusal strategies. The natural conversations produced by dyads of triads of children aged from 4;7 to 5;10 were used for analysis. The refusal strategies adopted in this study are mainly based on Beebe et al. (1990)’s category. The results showed that children applied much more indirect refusal strategies (70%) than direct ones (30%) when refusing their peers, which indicates that they tried to avoid confrontation and make efforts to maintain their friendship. Among the strategies, children tended to employ simple negation (31.8%) and reason (26.7%) most frequently. In addition, children at this age applied only one refusal strategy in a refusal most of the time.

As for the influence of gender, it is observed that in same-gender interactions, girls used more direct strategies than boys. In addition, in cross-gender interactions, girls became more direct while boys were more indirect than in same-gender interaction. Moreover, children tended to choose certain strategy when refusing others of different gender; for example, boys used a lot more nonverbal avoidance when refusing girls than boys. Possible reasons such as women’s role in Chinese culture, children’s intensity of friendship between different gender, and parent’s educational style were discussed in the study in order to explain the gender differences. The findings, therefore, suggest that both speakers’ and interlocutors’ genders play an important role in children’s choice of refusal strategies.
參考文獻 Austin, J. L. (1975). How to Do things with Words, second edition. Oxford:
Clarendon.
Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T. & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic Transfer in ESL
Refusals. In R. Scarcella, E. Andersen, S. D. Krashen (Eds), On the Development of Communicative Competence in a Second Language. Cambridge, MA: Newbury House.
Chen, Ye & Zhang. (1995). Refusing in Chinese. In Gabriele Kasper (Ed.),
Pragmatics of Chinese as native and target language (pp. 119-163). Manoa, HI:
University of Hawaii Press.
Dunn, J. (1996). Arguing with siblings, friends and mothers: developments in
relationships and understanding. In D.I. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis, and J. Guo (Eds.), Social Interaction, Social Context, and Language: Essays in Honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp (191-204). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dunn, J. & Munn, P. (1987). The development of justification in disputes.
Developmental Psychology, 23, 791-798.
Eisenberg, A. R. (1992). Conflicts between mothers and their young children.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 38, 21-43.
Eisenberg, A. R., & Carvey, C. (1981). Children`s use of verbal strategies in resolving
Conflicts. Discourse Processes, 4, 149-170.
Farris, C. S. (1999). Cross-sex peer conflict and the discursive production of gender in
a Chinese preschool in Taiwan. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 539-568
Guidetti, M. (2000). Pragmatic study of agreement and refusal messages in
young French children. Journal of Pragmatics, 32,569-582.
Guo, Y. F. (2001). A Case Study on South-Min Pragmatic Characteristics and
Development of a 2-year-old Child. Unpublished master thesis, National
Hsin-Chu Teachers College. (Written in Chinese.)
Hymes, D.H. (1972). On communicative competence. In J.B. Pride & J.Holmes
(Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293) Baltimore: Penguin
Kwon, J. (2004). Expressing refusals in Korean and in American English.
Multilingua, 23(4), 339 364
Kyratzis, A. & Guo, J. (2010). Preschool Girls` and Boys` Verbal Conflict
Strategies in the United States and China. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 34(1), 45–74.
Liao, C.C. (1994). A Study on the strategies, Maxims, and Development of Refusal in
Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: Crane.
Liao, C.C., & Bresnahan, M. I. (1996). A contrastive pragmatic study on American
English and Mandarin refusal strategies. Language Sciences, 18, 3-4, 703-727.
Maltz, D. N., & Borker, R. A. (1982). A cultural approach to male–female
miscommunication. In J. J. Gumperz (Ed.), Communication, language and social identity (pp.196–216). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Maynard, D. (1985). How children start arguments. Language in Society 14,
001~030.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language.
Cambridge University Press
Slomkowski, C., & Dunn, J. (1992). Arguments and relationships within the family:
Differences in children’s disputes with mother and sibling. Developmental Psychology, 28, 919-924.
Wang, A. H. (2001). Refusal realization patterns in English and Chinese. Foreign
Language Teaching and Research, 33(3), 178-185.
Wang, H.W. (2007). Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Child Language.
M.A. Thesis, National Chengchi University.
Wenar, C. (1982). On negativism. Human Development, 25, 1-23.
Wu, F.R. (2010). Children’s Refusal Strategy in Mandarin Discourse: A Case
Study. M.A Thesis, National Chengchi University.
Yang, L.C. (2003). A study of Young Children’s Production and Perception of
Refusal in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.
Yang, T.C. (2004). A study of Refusals to Requests of Taiwanese Elementary
School Children. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
97555010
100
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 黃瓊之zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huang, Chiung Chihen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鍾易儒zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Jong, Yih Ruen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鍾易儒zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Jong, Yih Ruen_US
dc.date (日期) 2011en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-May-2013 11:46:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-May-2013 11:46:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-May-2013 11:46:38 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0097555010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/57955-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97555010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在探討孩童在同儕對話中所使用的拒絕策略，以及說話者及聽者的性別對於拒絕策略選擇之影響。研究語料來自兩人或三人一組的孩童在玩耍時的對話，孩童的年紀在四歲七個月到五歲十個月之間。本研究主要採用Beebe等人所提供的拒絕策略分類，研究結果發現，孩童在同儕對話中使用較多的間接拒絕策略(70%)，這也顯示出孩童避免與同儕產生正面衝突，並且努力維護彼此間的友誼。在所有策略中，孩童最常使用的是簡單否定(simple negation: 31.8%)以及提供理由(reason: 26.7%)；此外，在這個年紀的孩童在一次拒絕中，大多只使用一種拒絕策略。
而在性別的影響方面，則發現在同性別的互動中，女生比男生使用了更多的直接拒絕策略；此外，與在同性別互動中的表現相比，女生在不同性別的互動中變得更直接，而男生則變得較委婉。研究也發現，孩童會根據不同性別選擇特定的拒絕策略，例如，男生較常對女生使用非語言性的迴避策略(nonverbal avoidance)。本研究中討論了造成此現象可能的原因，像是中國文化中女人的角色、家長對不同性別孩童的教育方式，和不同性別的孩童之間友誼的強弱等等。總而言之，研究發現不論是說話者的性別或者聽者的性別都會對拒絕策略的選擇造成一定的影響。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This study aims to explore children’s refusal performance in peer talk and how speakers’ and interlocutors’ genders influence their choice of refusal strategies. The natural conversations produced by dyads of triads of children aged from 4;7 to 5;10 were used for analysis. The refusal strategies adopted in this study are mainly based on Beebe et al. (1990)’s category. The results showed that children applied much more indirect refusal strategies (70%) than direct ones (30%) when refusing their peers, which indicates that they tried to avoid confrontation and make efforts to maintain their friendship. Among the strategies, children tended to employ simple negation (31.8%) and reason (26.7%) most frequently. In addition, children at this age applied only one refusal strategy in a refusal most of the time.

As for the influence of gender, it is observed that in same-gender interactions, girls used more direct strategies than boys. In addition, in cross-gender interactions, girls became more direct while boys were more indirect than in same-gender interaction. Moreover, children tended to choose certain strategy when refusing others of different gender; for example, boys used a lot more nonverbal avoidance when refusing girls than boys. Possible reasons such as women’s role in Chinese culture, children’s intensity of friendship between different gender, and parent’s educational style were discussed in the study in order to explain the gender differences. The findings, therefore, suggest that both speakers’ and interlocutors’ genders play an important role in children’s choice of refusal strategies.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and motivation 1
1.2 Purposes of the Study 4
1.3 Research questions 4
Chapter 2 Literature Review 5
2.1 Adults’ refusal 5
2.2 Children’s refusal 10
2.3 Refusal and gender 17
Chapter 3 Methodology 23
3.1 Subjects and data 23
3.2 Procedures of data analysis 25
3.3 Coding categories 26
Chapter 4 Data Analysis 31
4.1 Children’s use of refusal strategies 31
4.1.1 Simple negation 33
4.1.2 Reason 33
4.1.3 Nonverbal avoidance 35
4.1.4 Alternative 37
4.1.5 Verbal avoidance 38
4.1.6 Dissuade interlocutor 39
4.1.7 Conditional acceptance 41
4.1.8 Negated ability 42
4.1.9 Counterclaim 43
4.1.10 Physical force 43
4.1.11 Combination of refusal strategies 44
4.2 Childrens’ Refusal Strategy by Speakers’ Gender 47
4.3 Children’s Refusal Strategies by Speakers’ and Interlocutors’ Gender 51
4.4 Children’s refusal sequence 59
Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion 67
5.1 Children’s refusal strategies and maintenance of friendship 67
5.2 Children’s refusal strategies and the perspective taking ability 69
5.3 Gender differences in Children’s Refusal Production 70
5.4 Children’s refusal in sequence 73
5.5 Limitation and suggestion 74
References 77		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 883084 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097555010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 拒絕zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒童zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言習得zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 性別差異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 同儕zh_TW
dc.title (題名) 兒童在同儕對話中的拒絕策略zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Children`s Refusal Strategy in Peer Talken_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Austin, J. L. (1975). How to Do things with Words, second edition. Oxford:
Clarendon.
Beebe, L. M., Takahashi, T. & Uliss-Weltz, R. (1990). Pragmatic Transfer in ESL
Refusals. In R. Scarcella, E. Andersen, S. D. Krashen (Eds), On the Development of Communicative Competence in a Second Language. Cambridge, MA: Newbury House.
Chen, Ye & Zhang. (1995). Refusing in Chinese. In Gabriele Kasper (Ed.),
Pragmatics of Chinese as native and target language (pp. 119-163). Manoa, HI:
University of Hawaii Press.
Dunn, J. (1996). Arguing with siblings, friends and mothers: developments in
relationships and understanding. In D.I. Slobin, J. Gerhardt, A. Kyratzis, and J. Guo (Eds.), Social Interaction, Social Context, and Language: Essays in Honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp (191-204). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dunn, J. & Munn, P. (1987). The development of justification in disputes.
Developmental Psychology, 23, 791-798.
Eisenberg, A. R. (1992). Conflicts between mothers and their young children.
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 38, 21-43.
Eisenberg, A. R., & Carvey, C. (1981). Children`s use of verbal strategies in resolving
Conflicts. Discourse Processes, 4, 149-170.
Farris, C. S. (1999). Cross-sex peer conflict and the discursive production of gender in
a Chinese preschool in Taiwan. Journal of Pragmatics, 32, 539-568
Guidetti, M. (2000). Pragmatic study of agreement and refusal messages in
young French children. Journal of Pragmatics, 32,569-582.
Guo, Y. F. (2001). A Case Study on South-Min Pragmatic Characteristics and
Development of a 2-year-old Child. Unpublished master thesis, National
Hsin-Chu Teachers College. (Written in Chinese.)
Hymes, D.H. (1972). On communicative competence. In J.B. Pride & J.Holmes
(Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293) Baltimore: Penguin
Kwon, J. (2004). Expressing refusals in Korean and in American English.
Multilingua, 23(4), 339 364
Kyratzis, A. & Guo, J. (2010). Preschool Girls` and Boys` Verbal Conflict
Strategies in the United States and China. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 34(1), 45–74.
Liao, C.C. (1994). A Study on the strategies, Maxims, and Development of Refusal in
Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: Crane.
Liao, C.C., & Bresnahan, M. I. (1996). A contrastive pragmatic study on American
English and Mandarin refusal strategies. Language Sciences, 18, 3-4, 703-727.
Maltz, D. N., & Borker, R. A. (1982). A cultural approach to male–female
miscommunication. In J. J. Gumperz (Ed.), Communication, language and social identity (pp.196–216). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Maynard, D. (1985). How children start arguments. Language in Society 14,
001~030.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language.
Cambridge University Press
Slomkowski, C., & Dunn, J. (1992). Arguments and relationships within the family:
Differences in children’s disputes with mother and sibling. Developmental Psychology, 28, 919-924.
Wang, A. H. (2001). Refusal realization patterns in English and Chinese. Foreign
Language Teaching and Research, 33(3), 178-185.
Wang, H.W. (2007). Dispreferred Responses in Mandarin Child Language.
M.A. Thesis, National Chengchi University.
Wenar, C. (1982). On negativism. Human Development, 25, 1-23.
Wu, F.R. (2010). Children’s Refusal Strategy in Mandarin Discourse: A Case
Study. M.A Thesis, National Chengchi University.
Yang, L.C. (2003). A study of Young Children’s Production and Perception of
Refusal in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.
Yang, T.C. (2004). A study of Refusals to Requests of Taiwanese Elementary
School Children. M.A. Thesis, Providence University.		zh_TW