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題名 台灣華語聲調習得
Tone Acquisition in Taiwan Mandarin
作者 楊涵絜
Yang, Han Chieh
貢獻者 萬依萍
Wan, I Ping
楊涵絜
Yang, Han Chieh
關鍵詞 兒童語言發展
聲調習得
出現順序
頻率
正確率
台灣華語
phonological development
tone acquisition
tone emergence
frequency and accuracy rate
substitution pattern
Taiwan Mandarin
日期 2012
上傳時間 2-Sep-2013 11:43:05 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究華語聲調的習得，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中聲調出現順序、頻率、正確率、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Yip (2002)的標記理論來檢驗各種不同聲調語言中的共通性。
　　本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十個月至一歲一個月的嬰幼兒長達八個月。以兩個禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親或照顧者之間的自然對話。並利用錄製回來的高規格影音檔做譯寫和分析。
結果顯示[55]最早出現，也是頻率最高、正確率最高的聲調。而[51]在聲調出現順序、頻率、及正確率都是排在第二。[35]和[21]就比較晚出現，和前面兩個聲調相比，頻率及正確率都較低。輕聲不管是出現順序、頻率、或正確率都排在最後。
　　本研究結果還發現台灣華語中有一特殊的聲調組合[21-35]。在台灣華語中，媽媽對幼兒說話時所使用的「媽媽語」很常把這個聲調組合套用在重疊詞中。而這個聲調組合也被幼兒高度模仿使用。因此本研究認為幼兒發出的這個高頻的聲調組合[21-35]有可能是受到照顧者的影響，並且也認為幼兒並非分開習得此兩個聲調，而是把此兩聲調當作一個整體來習得。
最後，將所有跨語言的分析結果拿來檢驗Yip (2002)的標記理論後，我們發現幾乎所有語言都支持平調比曲折調早習得、降調比升調早習得。但是除了泰文之外，沒有語言能支持Yip (2002)提出的低調比高調早習得。因此，語言習得的證據能證明平調、降調、高調比曲折調、升調、低調還普遍。
The purpose of this study is to describe children’s tonal development by analyzing the tone emergence, frequency, accuracy rate, and substitution pattern, based on observing monosyllabic and disyllabic utterances in six Mandarin-speaking children in Taipei, Taiwan. This study also aims to examine several cross-linguistic data the theory of markedness presented by Yip (2002).
Six subjects are investigated with the age range from 0;10 to 1;6. The data collection is conducted fortnightly by the author and the research team. Based on video and sound files, a set of coding are employed for data analysis.
The results showed that the high-level tone [55] emerged the first, and it also ranked as the most frequent and stable tone. Falling tones [51] were consistently ranked in the second place within tone emergence, frequency, and accuracy rate. Rising tones [35] and low-level tones [21] appeared late, and were also less frequent and stabilized later than [55] and [51]. The neutral tone was emerged and stabilized the last appeared and last acquired tone.
This study also found the dominated tone combination [21-35] applied particularly in the reduplications of motherese in Taiwan Mandarin. The tone combination [21-35] was proposed to be influenced by motherese, and was acquired as a prosodic whole.
The results of this study and all the cross-linguistic data are examined in Yip’s theory of markedness. The first two constraints obtained more evidence that the features of level and falling in tones were suggested to be the unmarked features in tonal languages. Regarding the third constraint, because most of the tone acquisition data indicated that high tones were acquired earlier than low tones, the more unmarked tone feature should be level, falling, and high.
參考文獻 References
Cantwell, D. & Baker, L. (1987). Developmental speech and language disorders. New York: The Guilford Press.
Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of Language (Fifth Edition). Thomson Wadsworth.
Chao, Y. R. (1930). A system of tone letters. Le Mâitre Phonetique 45. 24-47
Chao, Y. R. (1951). The Cantian idiolect: an analysis of the Chinese spoken by a twenty-eight-months-old child. In W. J. Fischel (ed.), Semantic and oriental studies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Chao, Y. R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Cheng, C. C. (1973). A quantitative study of Chinese tones. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1. 93-110.
Clumeck, H. (1980). The acquisition of tone. In G. D. Allen and S. Hawkins (eds.), Child Phonology. Vol: Production. 257-275.
Crystal, D. (1970). Prosodic systems and language acquisition. In P. Leon (ed.), Prosodic feature analysis. Montreal: Didier.
Danmu, S. (2000). The phonology of Standard Chinese. London: Oxford university press.
Demuth, K. (1996). The prosodic structure of early words. In J. Morgan & K. Demuth (eds.), Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech to Grammar in Early Acquisition. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 171-184.
Engel, W. R. (1973). An example of linguistic consciousness In childhood. In Ferguson, C. A. and Slobin, D. I. (eds), Studies of child language development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.
Fon, J. & Chiang, W.-Y. (1999). What does Chao have to say about tones?---a case study of Taiwan Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistic 27.1. 15-37.
Fon, J., Chiang, W.-Y., & Cheung, H. (2004). Production and perception of two dipping tones (T2 and T3) in Taiwan Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 32.2. 249-280.
Fon, Y.-J. J. (1997). What are tones really like? Thesis, National Taiwan University.
Grunwell, P. (1982). Clinical Phonology. London: Croom Helm.
Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan Yue. (1987). Tone sandhi across Chinese dialects. In Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong (ed.), Wang Li Memorial Volumes: English Volume. 445-474.
Jakobson, R. (1941). Child language, aphasia, and phonological universal. The Hague: Mouton.
Kaplan, E. & Kaplan, G. (1971). The Prelinguistic Child. In J. Eliot (ed.), Human Development and Cognitive Process. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. 359-381.
Kaplan, E. (1970). Intonation and language acquisition. PRCLD I. 1-21.
Kies, D. (November 2011). Language development in children. Modern English Grammar. Retrieved from http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/grammar/lgdev.htm
Kubler, C. (1985). The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact. Taipei: Student Books.
Lenneberg, H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1977). Acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language 4,2. 185-199.
Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1978). The acquisition of tone. In V. Fromkin (ed.), The production of tone. In V Fromkin (ed.), Tone: a linguistic survey. New York: Academic Press. 271-284.
Lightfoot, D. (1982). The Language Lottery: Toward a Biology of Grammars. Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press.
Lin, Y.-H. (2007). The sounds of Chinese. London: Cambridge University press.
Matychuk, P. (2005). The role of child-directed speech in language acquisition: a case study. Language Sciences 27. 3. 301-379.
Ohala, J. J. (1978). The production of tone. In V. Fromkin (ed.), Tone: a linguistic survey. New York: Academic Press.
Oller, D.K. (1974). Simplification as the goal of phonological process in child speech. Language Learning 24. 299-303.
Preyer, W. (1882). Dies seeles des kindes, leizig. The mind of the child v2. New York: Appleton. 1888-1890.
Shih, C.-L. (1998). Tone and intonation in mandarin. Working paper, Cornell phonetics laboratory.
So, K. H. & Dodd, B. J. (1995). Acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children. Journal of Child Language 22. 3. 473-495.
Tsay, J. (2001). Phonetic parameters of tone acquisition in Taiwanese. In M. Nakayama (ed.), Issues in East Asian Language Acquisition. Tokyo: Kuroshio Publishers. 205-226.
Tse, K-P. (1978). Tone acquisition in Cantonese: a longitudinal case study. Journal of Child Language 5, 2: 191-204.
Tuaycharoen, P. (1979). An account of speech development of a Thai child: from babbling to speech. In T.L. Thongkum, V. Panupong, P. Kullavanijava and M.R. Kalaya Tingsabadh (eds.), Studies in Tai and Mon-Khmer Phonetics and Phonology. In Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson, Chulalongkorn University Press. 261-277.
Vihman, M. M. (1996). Phonological Development. Oxford: Blackwell.
Yang, B. (2010). A model of Mandarin tone categories--a study of perception and production. PhD. Dissertation, University of Iowa.
Yang, H. C. (2012). Tone acquisition in Taiwan Mandarin- the frequency and accuracy of tone in 11- to 15-month-old children. Paper presented at 45th Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages & Linguistics.
Yip, M. (2002). Tone. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Zhu, H. (2002). Phonological development in specific contexts. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
99555001
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099555001
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Wan, I Pingen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 楊涵絜zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yang, Han Chiehen_US
dc.creator (作者) 楊涵絜zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Yang, Han Chiehen_US
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2-Sep-2013 11:43:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 2-Sep-2013 11:43:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 2-Sep-2013 11:43:05 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099555001en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/59186-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99555001zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究華語聲調的習得，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中聲調出現順序、頻率、正確率、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Yip (2002)的標記理論來檢驗各種不同聲調語言中的共通性。
　　本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十個月至一歲一個月的嬰幼兒長達八個月。以兩個禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親或照顧者之間的自然對話。並利用錄製回來的高規格影音檔做譯寫和分析。
結果顯示[55]最早出現，也是頻率最高、正確率最高的聲調。而[51]在聲調出現順序、頻率、及正確率都是排在第二。[35]和[21]就比較晚出現，和前面兩個聲調相比，頻率及正確率都較低。輕聲不管是出現順序、頻率、或正確率都排在最後。
　　本研究結果還發現台灣華語中有一特殊的聲調組合[21-35]。在台灣華語中，媽媽對幼兒說話時所使用的「媽媽語」很常把這個聲調組合套用在重疊詞中。而這個聲調組合也被幼兒高度模仿使用。因此本研究認為幼兒發出的這個高頻的聲調組合[21-35]有可能是受到照顧者的影響，並且也認為幼兒並非分開習得此兩個聲調，而是把此兩聲調當作一個整體來習得。
最後，將所有跨語言的分析結果拿來檢驗Yip (2002)的標記理論後，我們發現幾乎所有語言都支持平調比曲折調早習得、降調比升調早習得。但是除了泰文之外，沒有語言能支持Yip (2002)提出的低調比高調早習得。因此，語言習得的證據能證明平調、降調、高調比曲折調、升調、低調還普遍。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to describe children’s tonal development by analyzing the tone emergence, frequency, accuracy rate, and substitution pattern, based on observing monosyllabic and disyllabic utterances in six Mandarin-speaking children in Taipei, Taiwan. This study also aims to examine several cross-linguistic data the theory of markedness presented by Yip (2002).
Six subjects are investigated with the age range from 0;10 to 1;6. The data collection is conducted fortnightly by the author and the research team. Based on video and sound files, a set of coding are employed for data analysis.
The results showed that the high-level tone [55] emerged the first, and it also ranked as the most frequent and stable tone. Falling tones [51] were consistently ranked in the second place within tone emergence, frequency, and accuracy rate. Rising tones [35] and low-level tones [21] appeared late, and were also less frequent and stabilized later than [55] and [51]. The neutral tone was emerged and stabilized the last appeared and last acquired tone.
This study also found the dominated tone combination [21-35] applied particularly in the reduplications of motherese in Taiwan Mandarin. The tone combination [21-35] was proposed to be influenced by motherese, and was acquired as a prosodic whole.
The results of this study and all the cross-linguistic data are examined in Yip’s theory of markedness. The first two constraints obtained more evidence that the features of level and falling in tones were suggested to be the unmarked features in tonal languages. Regarding the third constraint, because most of the tone acquisition data indicated that high tones were acquired earlier than low tones, the more unmarked tone feature should be level, falling, and high.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of content
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Children’s phonological acquisition 1
1.2 Mandarin tone 2
1.3 Research gap 3
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 The framework of the thesis 6
Chapter 2 Literature review 9
2.1 Language universals in first language acquisition 9
2.1.1 Syllable 10
2.1.2 Suprasegmentals 12
2.1.2.1 Intonation 12
2.1.2 2 Stress 12
2.1.3 Reduplication of motherese 13
2.2 Introduction to Mandarin tonal system 15
2.2.1 The tonal representation systems of Standard Mandarin 15
2.2.1.1 Chao (1968) 15
2.2.1.2 Yip (2002) 16
2.2.1.3 Lin (2007) 17
2.2.2 The tonal representation systems of Taiwan Mandarin 19
2.2.2.1 Shih (1988) 19
2.2.2.2 Fon (1997) 20
2.2.3 Summary 21
2.3 Theory of markedness of tone 22
2.4 Tonal acquisition studies in East Asia 23
2.4.1 Thai (Tuaycharoen 1977) 24
2.4.2 Cantonese (Tse 1978; So & Dodd 1995) 25
2.4.3 Taiwanese (Tsay 2000) 27
2.4.4 Overview of the cross-linguistic studies 29
2.5 Tone acquisition on Mandarin 31
2.5.1 Chao (1951) 31
2.5.2 Li & Thompson (1977) 31
2.5.3 Zhu (2002) 33
2.5.4 Summary 33
Chapter 3 Methodology 35
3.1 Data collection 35
3.1.1 Recruitment 36
3.1.2 Subject 36
3.1.3 Observational procedures 37
3.1.4 Recording equipments 38
3.2 Data analysis 39
3.2.1 Transcription and coding 39
3.2.2 Tone emergence ordering 43
3.2.3 Frequency and accuracy rate of tones 44
3.2.4 Substitution pattern in tonal errors 46
Chapter 4 Results and analysis 49
4.1 Overall analysis 50
4.1.1 Tone emergence ordering 52
4.1.2 Frequency and Accuracy rate 55
4.2 Subgroup analyses in monosyllabic and disyllabic tokens 59
4.2.1 Monosyllabic tokens 60
4.2.2 Disyllabic tokens 63
4.2.3 The tone combination [21-35] in the reduplication of motherese 66
4.2.4 Reanalysis in disyllabic tokens 70
4.2.5 Reanalysis in overall data 73
4.3 Substitution pattern in tonal errors 77
4.4 The age of acquisition of tones 79
Chapter 5 Discussion 81
5.1 Summary of the findings 81
5.2 Comparison with tonal acquisition studies in Mandarin 84
5.2.1 Age of acquisition 84
5.2.2 Order of tonal acquisition 85
5.2.3 The tonal combination of reduplication in Taiwan Mandarin 86
5.3 Cross-linguistic comparison 87
5.4 Concluding remarks 90
References 91		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1413882 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099555001en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒童語言發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 聲調習得zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 出現順序zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 頻率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 正確率zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣華語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonological developmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) tone acquisitionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) tone emergenceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) frequency and accuracy rateen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) substitution patternen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣華語聲調習得zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Tone Acquisition in Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) References
Cantwell, D. & Baker, L. (1987). Developmental speech and language disorders. New York: The Guilford Press.
Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of Language (Fifth Edition). Thomson Wadsworth.
Chao, Y. R. (1930). A system of tone letters. Le Mâitre Phonetique 45. 24-47
Chao, Y. R. (1951). The Cantian idiolect: an analysis of the Chinese spoken by a twenty-eight-months-old child. In W. J. Fischel (ed.), Semantic and oriental studies. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Chao, Y. R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Cheng, C. C. (1973). A quantitative study of Chinese tones. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1. 93-110.
Clumeck, H. (1980). The acquisition of tone. In G. D. Allen and S. Hawkins (eds.), Child Phonology. Vol: Production. 257-275.
Crystal, D. (1970). Prosodic systems and language acquisition. In P. Leon (ed.), Prosodic feature analysis. Montreal: Didier.
Danmu, S. (2000). The phonology of Standard Chinese. London: Oxford university press.
Demuth, K. (1996). The prosodic structure of early words. In J. Morgan & K. Demuth (eds.), Signal to Syntax: Bootstrapping from Speech to Grammar in Early Acquisition. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 171-184.
Engel, W. R. (1973). An example of linguistic consciousness In childhood. In Ferguson, C. A. and Slobin, D. I. (eds), Studies of child language development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.
Fon, J. & Chiang, W.-Y. (1999). What does Chao have to say about tones?---a case study of Taiwan Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistic 27.1. 15-37.
Fon, J., Chiang, W.-Y., & Cheung, H. (2004). Production and perception of two dipping tones (T2 and T3) in Taiwan Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 32.2. 249-280.
Fon, Y.-J. J. (1997). What are tones really like? Thesis, National Taiwan University.
Grunwell, P. (1982). Clinical Phonology. London: Croom Helm.
Hashimoto, Anne Oi-Kan Yue. (1987). Tone sandhi across Chinese dialects. In Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong (ed.), Wang Li Memorial Volumes: English Volume. 445-474.
Jakobson, R. (1941). Child language, aphasia, and phonological universal. The Hague: Mouton.
Kaplan, E. & Kaplan, G. (1971). The Prelinguistic Child. In J. Eliot (ed.), Human Development and Cognitive Process. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston. 359-381.
Kaplan, E. (1970). Intonation and language acquisition. PRCLD I. 1-21.
Kies, D. (November 2011). Language development in children. Modern English Grammar. Retrieved from http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/grammar/lgdev.htm
Kubler, C. (1985). The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact. Taipei: Student Books.
Lenneberg, H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1977). Acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language 4,2. 185-199.
Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1978). The acquisition of tone. In V. Fromkin (ed.), The production of tone. In V Fromkin (ed.), Tone: a linguistic survey. New York: Academic Press. 271-284.
Lightfoot, D. (1982). The Language Lottery: Toward a Biology of Grammars. Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press.
Lin, Y.-H. (2007). The sounds of Chinese. London: Cambridge University press.
Matychuk, P. (2005). The role of child-directed speech in language acquisition: a case study. Language Sciences 27. 3. 301-379.
Ohala, J. J. (1978). The production of tone. In V. Fromkin (ed.), Tone: a linguistic survey. New York: Academic Press.
Oller, D.K. (1974). Simplification as the goal of phonological process in child speech. Language Learning 24. 299-303.
Preyer, W. (1882). Dies seeles des kindes, leizig. The mind of the child v2. New York: Appleton. 1888-1890.
Shih, C.-L. (1998). Tone and intonation in mandarin. Working paper, Cornell phonetics laboratory.
So, K. H. & Dodd, B. J. (1995). Acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children. Journal of Child Language 22. 3. 473-495.
Tsay, J. (2001). Phonetic parameters of tone acquisition in Taiwanese. In M. Nakayama (ed.), Issues in East Asian Language Acquisition. Tokyo: Kuroshio Publishers. 205-226.
Tse, K-P. (1978). Tone acquisition in Cantonese: a longitudinal case study. Journal of Child Language 5, 2: 191-204.
Tuaycharoen, P. (1979). An account of speech development of a Thai child: from babbling to speech. In T.L. Thongkum, V. Panupong, P. Kullavanijava and M.R. Kalaya Tingsabadh (eds.), Studies in Tai and Mon-Khmer Phonetics and Phonology. In Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson, Chulalongkorn University Press. 261-277.
Vihman, M. M. (1996). Phonological Development. Oxford: Blackwell.
Yang, B. (2010). A model of Mandarin tone categories--a study of perception and production. PhD. Dissertation, University of Iowa.
Yang, H. C. (2012). Tone acquisition in Taiwan Mandarin- the frequency and accuracy of tone in 11- to 15-month-old children. Paper presented at 45th Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages & Linguistics.
Yip, M. (2002). Tone. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Zhu, H. (2002). Phonological development in specific contexts. Multilingual Matters Ltd.		zh_TW