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題名 論沃騰貝克後設劇作中戲中戲之力量及第三空間
The power of the inner play and the Thirdspace in Timberlake Wertenbaker`s metadramatic plays
作者 賴佩吟
Lai, Pei-yin
貢獻者 姜翠芬
Jiang, Tsui-fen
賴佩吟
Lai, Pei-yin
關鍵詞 後設戲劇
戲中戲
第三空間
可再譯性
metadrama
the play within the play
Thirdspace
retranslatability
日期 2013
上傳時間 10-Feb-2014 14:43:36 (UTC+8)
摘要 自文藝復興起,後設戲劇及後設戲劇手法即被廣泛運用於劇場實踐,以增強劇情及支援角色的行動。然而,在經歷長時間的演變之後,後設戲劇出現了戲中戲(內戲)的強化,及內外戲間界線模糊的變化。內外戲間界線的模糊不僅突顯現代後設戲劇不同於傳統後設戲劇清楚區分內外戲、定義內戲為次要輔劇外,更削弱劇中排斥持續變動、無法定義的概念的二元對立系統。戲中戲(內戲)的實踐削弱了沃騰貝克《吾國至上》及《達爾文之後》劇中的二元對立,並開啟了「生三」(thirding)重建的過程建構新的關係及觀點以挑戰既有的框架。「生三成異」(thirding-as-O thering)不僅增進了劇中的「可再譯性」(retranslatability)及「多音」(polyphony),更確保在自由的第三空間,與霸權力量的辯論得以持續進行。
Since the Renaissance, metadrama and metadramatic devices have been widely used to bolster the plot and support characters’ actions in theatrical practices. Nevertheless, the structure of metadrama went through a drastic transformation over time which resulted in the elevation of the power of the inner play and the blurring boundary between the inner and the outer play in the twentieth-century metadramatic plays. The blurring boundary between the inner and the outer play not only distinguishes the modern metadrama from the traditional one which defines the inner and the outer play with a distinct line and subordinates the play within the play as a supportive device but also conduces to the breakdown of binary opposition that excludes shifting and indefinable ideas. With the practice of the inner play, the binary confrontations in Timberlake Wertenbaker’s Our Country’s Good and After Darwin are undermined and the thirding, or reconstructing process is launched to create new relationships and perspectives to challenge the existed norms. Through thirding-as-Othering, the retranslatability as well as the polyphony in the plays are enhanced to ensure the ongoing debate against the hegemonic power in the liberating Thirdspace.
參考文獻 Works Cited
Abrams, M H, and Geoffrey G. Harpham. “alienation effect.” A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. 6. Print.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. “Rabelais and His World.” Literary Theory, an Anthology. Rivkin, Julie, and Michael Ryan ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 1998. 686-92. Print.
Bligh, Kate. “Value, voice, and identity in Birds alighting on a field.” International
Dramaturgy : Translation & Transformations in the Theatre of Timberlake Wertenbaker. Eds. Maya E. Roth, and Sara Freeman. New York: Peter Lang, 2008. 11-34. Print.
Borges, Jorge L, and Giovanni N. T. Di. The Aleph and Other Stories, 1933-1969. New York: Dutton, 1970. 189. Print.
“Daniel C. Dennett.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 18 May. 2013. .
Edward W. Soja. Luskin at UCLA. WEB. 24 Sep. 2013. .
Foucault, Michel. "Of Other Spaces, Heterotopias." Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité 5 (1984): 46-49. Print.
---. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. WEB. 15 Oct. 2013. .
Freeman, Sara. “Tragedy after Darwin: Timberlake Wertenbaker Remakes ‘Modern’ Tragedy.” Comparative Drama 44.2, (2010): 201-27. Web. 6 June 2013.
---. “Timberlake Wertenbaker.” The Literary Encyclopedia. 2006. WEB. 24 Nov. 2013. .
Gipson-King, Jay M. “Wertenbaker and the Metahistorical: Fracturing History in The Grace of Mary Traverse, Love of the Nightingale, and After Darwin.” International Dramaturgy : Translation & Transformations in the Theatre of Timberlake Wertenbaker. Eds. Maya E. Roth, and Sara Freeman. New York:
Peter Lang, 2008. 223-34. Print.
Gould, Stephen J. Life`s Grandeur: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. London: Jonathan Cape, 1996. Print.
---. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton, 1981. 20. Print.
hooks, bell. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston, MA: South End, 1990. 31. Print.
Hornby, Richard. Drama, Metadrama and Perception. Lewisburg, Pa. London: Bucknell UP; Associated UP, 1986. Print.
Korthof, Gert. “Who is Afraid of a Reductionist? Niles Eldrege and Evolution.” 2 Feb 1998. Web. 5 May 2013. < http://home.planet.nl/~gkorthof/kortho10.htm>.
Lefebvre, Henri. Critique of Everyday Life. London ; New York: Verso, 1991. Print.
---. Henri Lefebvre : Key Writings. Eds. Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas and Eleonore Kofman. New York : Continuum, 2003. Print.
---. La présence et l`absence: Contribution á la théorie des représentations. Paris:
Casterman, 1980. 143. Print.
---. The Production of Space. Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell, 1991. Print.
Mukarovsky, Jan. Structure, Sign and Function. Trans. By Richard Wilbur. New York: Harcourt, 1965. Print.
Nelson, Robert J. Play Within a Play: The Dramatist`s Conception of His Art: Shakespeare to Anouilh. New Haven: Yale UP, 1958. Print.
“Nicholas Rowe.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 May. 2013. .
“Richard Dawkins.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 May. 2013. .
Ridley, Matt. The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Viking, 1997. Print.
Roth, Maya E. “Introduction: Wertenbaker and Translation in Theatre.” International Dramaturgy : Translation & Transformations in the Theatre of Timberlake
Wertenbaker. Eds. Maya E. Roth, and Sara Freeman. New York: Peter Lang, 2008. 11-34. Print.
Schafer, Paul M. “After Darwin: Myth, Reason, and Imagination.” Dialogue & Universalism 15.1/2, (2005): 79-92.
Shih, Yi-chin. How Timberlake Wertenbaker Constructs New Forms of Gender in Her History Plays: Exposing the Power Relations between the Sexes. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013. Print.
Soja, Edward W. “Thirdspace: Toward a New Consciousness of Space and Spatiality.” Communicating in the Third Space. Eds. Karin Ikas and Gerhard Wagner. New York: Routledge, 2009. 49-61. Print.
---. Thirdspace : Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996. Print.
“Stephen Jay Gould.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 April. 2013. .
Stephenson, Heidi & Langridge, Natasha. Rage and Reason: Women Playwrights on Playwriting. London : Methuen Drama, 1997. Print.
“Steven Pinker.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 May. 2013. .
De Vries, Hilary. “Theater; of Convicts, Brutality and the Power of Theater.” New York Times. 1990. 10. Print.
Wertenbaker, Timberlake. After Darwin. Plays Two. London: Faber and Faber, 2002. 99-178. Print.
---. “Dancing with History.” Crucible of Cultures: Anglophone Drama at the Dawn of the Millennium. Eds. Marc Maufort and France Bellarsi. Brussels: P.I.E-Peter Lang, 2002. 17-23. Print.
---. “Interview.” Rage and Reason: Women Playwrights on Playwriting. Eds. Heidi Stephenson & Natasha Langridge. London: Methuen, 1997. Print.
---. Our Country’s Good. Plays One. London: Faber and Faber, 1996. 161-281. Print.
Yengoyan, Aram A. Translating Cultures: Perspectives on Translation and Anthropology. Eds. Paula G, Rubel & Abraham Rosman. Oxford: Berg, 2003. 25. Print.












Works Consulted
Billington, Michael. “The Finch Mob,” Guardian Weekly. 26 July, (1998): 27. Web. 19 August 2013.
Blackburne, E O. “Margaret Woffington.” Illustrious Irishwomen: Being Memoirs of Some of the Most Noted Irishwomen from the Earliest Ages to the Present Century. Vol. 1. London: Tinsley Bros, 1877. 121. Print.
Brecht, Bertolt, and Eric Bentley. The Good Woman of Setzuan. New York: Grove Press, 1966. Print.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. “Siddons, Sarah.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. Cambridge UP. 1911.Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1986. Print.
---. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989. Print.
Dennett, D C. Darwin`s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. Print.
Eldredge, Niles. Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory. New York: Wiley, 1995. Print.
Farquhar, George, and Michael F. Shugrue. The Recruiting Officer. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965. Print.
Frederick and Lise-Lone Marker. “A Guide to London Theatres, 1750-1880.” The Revels History of Drama in English: Vol. VI. London: Methuen, 1975. Print.
Gould, Stephen J. Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton, 1992. Print.
Keneally, Thomas. The Playmaker. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. Print.
“Lady Jane Grey (r. 10-19 July 1553).” 2008/09. The Official Website of The British Monarchy. Web. 15 April 2013. .
Medwall, Henry, Frederick S. Boas, A. W. Reed, and Buonaccorso. Fulgens & Lucres a Fifteenth-century Secular Play. Oxford: Clarendon, 1926. Print.
Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct. New York: W. Morrow, 1994. Print.
Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night`s Dream. Champaign, Ill: Project Gutenberg, 1990. Internet resource.
Shakespeare, William, and Alan Durband. Romeo and Juliet. Woodbury, N.Y: Barron`s, 1985. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and A P. Rossiter. Julius Caesar. Cambridge: Published for the Orthological Institute by the Basic English Publishing Company, 1941. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and A R. Braunmuller. Macbeth. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and Balz Engler. Othello. Bern: Francke, 1977. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and Harold Jenkins. Hamlet. London: Methuen, 1982. Print.
Shakespeare, William, John M. Lothian, and T W. Craik. Twelfth Night. London: Methuen, 1975. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and John Wilders. Antony and Cleopatra. London: Routledge, 1995. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and Thomas G. Bergin. The Taming of the Shrew. New Haven: Yale UP, 1954. Print.
Shepherd-Barr, Kristen. “Darwin on Stage: Evolutionary Theory in the Theatre.” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 33.2. (2008): 107-115. Print.
Shields, Rob. Lefebvre, Love, and Struggle: Spatial Dialectics. London: Routledge, 1999. Print.
Towner, W S. “The Third Day: Dry Ground.” Genesis. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. Print.
“The 1995 Pulizer Prize Winners: General Notification.” The Pulizer Prizes. Web. 22 April 2013. .
Weiner, Jonathan. The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Knopf, 1994. Print.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
98551013
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098551013
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 姜翠芬zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Jiang, Tsui-fenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 賴佩吟zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Lai, Pei-yinen_US
dc.creator (作者) 賴佩吟zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Lai, Pei-yinen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 10-Feb-2014 14:43:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 10-Feb-2014 14:43:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 10-Feb-2014 14:43:36 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0098551013en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/63626-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 98551013zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 自文藝復興起,後設戲劇及後設戲劇手法即被廣泛運用於劇場實踐,以增強劇情及支援角色的行動。然而,在經歷長時間的演變之後,後設戲劇出現了戲中戲(內戲)的強化,及內外戲間界線模糊的變化。內外戲間界線的模糊不僅突顯現代後設戲劇不同於傳統後設戲劇清楚區分內外戲、定義內戲為次要輔劇外,更削弱劇中排斥持續變動、無法定義的概念的二元對立系統。戲中戲(內戲)的實踐削弱了沃騰貝克《吾國至上》及《達爾文之後》劇中的二元對立,並開啟了「生三」(thirding)重建的過程建構新的關係及觀點以挑戰既有的框架。「生三成異」(thirding-as-O thering)不僅增進了劇中的「可再譯性」(retranslatability)及「多音」(polyphony),更確保在自由的第三空間,與霸權力量的辯論得以持續進行。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Since the Renaissance, metadrama and metadramatic devices have been widely used to bolster the plot and support characters’ actions in theatrical practices. Nevertheless, the structure of metadrama went through a drastic transformation over time which resulted in the elevation of the power of the inner play and the blurring boundary between the inner and the outer play in the twentieth-century metadramatic plays. The blurring boundary between the inner and the outer play not only distinguishes the modern metadrama from the traditional one which defines the inner and the outer play with a distinct line and subordinates the play within the play as a supportive device but also conduces to the breakdown of binary opposition that excludes shifting and indefinable ideas. With the practice of the inner play, the binary confrontations in Timberlake Wertenbaker’s Our Country’s Good and After Darwin are undermined and the thirding, or reconstructing process is launched to create new relationships and perspectives to challenge the existed norms. Through thirding-as-Othering, the retranslatability as well as the polyphony in the plays are enhanced to ensure the ongoing debate against the hegemonic power in the liberating Thirdspace.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgement iv
Chinese Abstract vii
English Abstract viii
Chapter
1. Introduction 1
Literature Review 9
Contribution 11
Methodological Approach 13
Organization 16
2. Our Country’s Good and After Darwin as Twentieth-Century Metadramatic Plays 19
The Ceremony within the Play 20
Role Playing within the Role 21
Literary and Real-Life Reference and Self Reference 23
The Play within the Play 25
The Blurring Boundary in Our Country’s Good 30
The Blurring Boundary in After Darwin 39
Conclusion 53
3. The Inner Play: The Key to the Thirdspace 55
Henri Lefebvre’s Spatial Triad 56
Michel Foucault’s Heterotopia and bell hooks’ Marginality 59
The Thirdspace and Thirding-as-Othering 61
The Thirdspace in Our Country’s Good 65
The Thirdspace in After Darwin 72
Conclusion 79
4. Conclusion 81
Works Cited 87
Works Consulted 91
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 769825 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098551013en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 後設戲劇zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 戲中戲zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 第三空間zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 可再譯性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) metadramaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) the play within the playen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Thirdspaceen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) retranslatabilityen_US
dc.title (題名) 論沃騰貝克後設劇作中戲中戲之力量及第三空間zh_TW
dc.title (題名) The power of the inner play and the Thirdspace in Timberlake Wertenbaker`s metadramatic playsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Works Cited
Abrams, M H, and Geoffrey G. Harpham. “alienation effect.” A Glossary of Literary Terms. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. 6. Print.
Bakhtin, Mikhail. “Rabelais and His World.” Literary Theory, an Anthology. Rivkin, Julie, and Michael Ryan ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell, 1998. 686-92. Print.
Bligh, Kate. “Value, voice, and identity in Birds alighting on a field.” International
Dramaturgy : Translation & Transformations in the Theatre of Timberlake Wertenbaker. Eds. Maya E. Roth, and Sara Freeman. New York: Peter Lang, 2008. 11-34. Print.
Borges, Jorge L, and Giovanni N. T. Di. The Aleph and Other Stories, 1933-1969. New York: Dutton, 1970. 189. Print.
“Daniel C. Dennett.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 18 May. 2013. .
Edward W. Soja. Luskin at UCLA. WEB. 24 Sep. 2013. .
Foucault, Michel. "Of Other Spaces, Heterotopias." Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité 5 (1984): 46-49. Print.
---. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. WEB. 15 Oct. 2013. .
Freeman, Sara. “Tragedy after Darwin: Timberlake Wertenbaker Remakes ‘Modern’ Tragedy.” Comparative Drama 44.2, (2010): 201-27. Web. 6 June 2013.
---. “Timberlake Wertenbaker.” The Literary Encyclopedia. 2006. WEB. 24 Nov. 2013. .
Gipson-King, Jay M. “Wertenbaker and the Metahistorical: Fracturing History in The Grace of Mary Traverse, Love of the Nightingale, and After Darwin.” International Dramaturgy : Translation & Transformations in the Theatre of Timberlake Wertenbaker. Eds. Maya E. Roth, and Sara Freeman. New York:
Peter Lang, 2008. 223-34. Print.
Gould, Stephen J. Life`s Grandeur: The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. London: Jonathan Cape, 1996. Print.
---. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: Norton, 1981. 20. Print.
hooks, bell. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston, MA: South End, 1990. 31. Print.
Hornby, Richard. Drama, Metadrama and Perception. Lewisburg, Pa. London: Bucknell UP; Associated UP, 1986. Print.
Korthof, Gert. “Who is Afraid of a Reductionist? Niles Eldrege and Evolution.” 2 Feb 1998. Web. 5 May 2013. < http://home.planet.nl/~gkorthof/kortho10.htm>.
Lefebvre, Henri. Critique of Everyday Life. London ; New York: Verso, 1991. Print.
---. Henri Lefebvre : Key Writings. Eds. Stuart Elden, Elizabeth Lebas and Eleonore Kofman. New York : Continuum, 2003. Print.
---. La présence et l`absence: Contribution á la théorie des représentations. Paris:
Casterman, 1980. 143. Print.
---. The Production of Space. Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell, 1991. Print.
Mukarovsky, Jan. Structure, Sign and Function. Trans. By Richard Wilbur. New York: Harcourt, 1965. Print.
Nelson, Robert J. Play Within a Play: The Dramatist`s Conception of His Art: Shakespeare to Anouilh. New Haven: Yale UP, 1958. Print.
“Nicholas Rowe.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 May. 2013. .
“Richard Dawkins.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 May. 2013. .
Ridley, Matt. The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Viking, 1997. Print.
Roth, Maya E. “Introduction: Wertenbaker and Translation in Theatre.” International Dramaturgy : Translation & Transformations in the Theatre of Timberlake
Wertenbaker. Eds. Maya E. Roth, and Sara Freeman. New York: Peter Lang, 2008. 11-34. Print.
Schafer, Paul M. “After Darwin: Myth, Reason, and Imagination.” Dialogue & Universalism 15.1/2, (2005): 79-92.
Shih, Yi-chin. How Timberlake Wertenbaker Constructs New Forms of Gender in Her History Plays: Exposing the Power Relations between the Sexes. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013. Print.
Soja, Edward W. “Thirdspace: Toward a New Consciousness of Space and Spatiality.” Communicating in the Third Space. Eds. Karin Ikas and Gerhard Wagner. New York: Routledge, 2009. 49-61. Print.
---. Thirdspace : Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996. Print.
“Stephen Jay Gould.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 April. 2013. .
Stephenson, Heidi & Langridge, Natasha. Rage and Reason: Women Playwrights on Playwriting. London : Methuen Drama, 1997. Print.
“Steven Pinker.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 May. 2013. .
De Vries, Hilary. “Theater; of Convicts, Brutality and the Power of Theater.” New York Times. 1990. 10. Print.
Wertenbaker, Timberlake. After Darwin. Plays Two. London: Faber and Faber, 2002. 99-178. Print.
---. “Dancing with History.” Crucible of Cultures: Anglophone Drama at the Dawn of the Millennium. Eds. Marc Maufort and France Bellarsi. Brussels: P.I.E-Peter Lang, 2002. 17-23. Print.
---. “Interview.” Rage and Reason: Women Playwrights on Playwriting. Eds. Heidi Stephenson & Natasha Langridge. London: Methuen, 1997. Print.
---. Our Country’s Good. Plays One. London: Faber and Faber, 1996. 161-281. Print.
Yengoyan, Aram A. Translating Cultures: Perspectives on Translation and Anthropology. Eds. Paula G, Rubel & Abraham Rosman. Oxford: Berg, 2003. 25. Print.












Works Consulted
Billington, Michael. “The Finch Mob,” Guardian Weekly. 26 July, (1998): 27. Web. 19 August 2013.
Blackburne, E O. “Margaret Woffington.” Illustrious Irishwomen: Being Memoirs of Some of the Most Noted Irishwomen from the Earliest Ages to the Present Century. Vol. 1. London: Tinsley Bros, 1877. 121. Print.
Brecht, Bertolt, and Eric Bentley. The Good Woman of Setzuan. New York: Grove Press, 1966. Print.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. “Siddons, Sarah.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. Cambridge UP. 1911.Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1986. Print.
---. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1989. Print.
Dennett, D C. Darwin`s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. Print.
Eldredge, Niles. Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory. New York: Wiley, 1995. Print.
Farquhar, George, and Michael F. Shugrue. The Recruiting Officer. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1965. Print.
Frederick and Lise-Lone Marker. “A Guide to London Theatres, 1750-1880.” The Revels History of Drama in English: Vol. VI. London: Methuen, 1975. Print.
Gould, Stephen J. Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton, 1992. Print.
Keneally, Thomas. The Playmaker. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. Print.
“Lady Jane Grey (r. 10-19 July 1553).” 2008/09. The Official Website of The British Monarchy. Web. 15 April 2013. .
Medwall, Henry, Frederick S. Boas, A. W. Reed, and Buonaccorso. Fulgens & Lucres a Fifteenth-century Secular Play. Oxford: Clarendon, 1926. Print.
Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct. New York: W. Morrow, 1994. Print.
Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night`s Dream. Champaign, Ill: Project Gutenberg, 1990. Internet resource.
Shakespeare, William, and Alan Durband. Romeo and Juliet. Woodbury, N.Y: Barron`s, 1985. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and A P. Rossiter. Julius Caesar. Cambridge: Published for the Orthological Institute by the Basic English Publishing Company, 1941. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and A R. Braunmuller. Macbeth. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and Balz Engler. Othello. Bern: Francke, 1977. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and Harold Jenkins. Hamlet. London: Methuen, 1982. Print.
Shakespeare, William, John M. Lothian, and T W. Craik. Twelfth Night. London: Methuen, 1975. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and John Wilders. Antony and Cleopatra. London: Routledge, 1995. Print.
Shakespeare, William, and Thomas G. Bergin. The Taming of the Shrew. New Haven: Yale UP, 1954. Print.
Shepherd-Barr, Kristen. “Darwin on Stage: Evolutionary Theory in the Theatre.” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 33.2. (2008): 107-115. Print.
Shields, Rob. Lefebvre, Love, and Struggle: Spatial Dialectics. London: Routledge, 1999. Print.
Towner, W S. “The Third Day: Dry Ground.” Genesis. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. Print.
“The 1995 Pulizer Prize Winners: General Notification.” The Pulizer Prizes. Web. 22 April 2013. .
Weiner, Jonathan. The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Knopf, 1994. Print.
zh_TW