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題名 台灣華語字彙產製之音韻變化性
Phonological variability in word production in Taiwan Mandarin
作者 王心怡
貢獻者 萬依萍<br>I-Ping Wan
王心怡
關鍵詞 兒童語言發展
音韻變化性
音節習得
代換模式
台灣華語
phonological development
phonological variability
syllable acquisition
substitution pattern
Taiwan Mandarin.
日期 2013
上傳時間 14-Jul-2014 11:27:24 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究
台灣華語字彙產製的音韻變化性(phonological variability)，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中音節類型出現的頻率、變化性、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論來檢驗各種音節類型中的共通性。
本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十一個月至兩歲的嬰幼兒長達一年。以兩個
禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親之間的自然對話，並利用錄製回來的影音檔做
譯寫和分析。
結果顯示小朋友的音韻變化是很常見的，且是有規則可循的。小朋友的音韻變異量的高峰(variability peak)會出現在當小朋友的音韻發展從一個階段進展到另一個階段的時候，而本篇論文顯示與當小朋友由單字期(one-word stage)進展到雙字期(two-word stage)以及字彙量有大幅上升的時期符合。華語音節習得的部分，結果顯示CV 是頻率最高、變化性最低，且最常被拿來替換的音節類型。CVG
也是頻率高的音節類型之一，但他的變化性也很高，主要是因為韻尾省略
(coda-dropping)的現象在小朋友的早期發展很常見的關係，所以CVG 雖然頻率高但是變化性也很高而且是最常被取代的音節類型之一。
最後，將所有的結果拿來檢驗Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論，結果發現頻
率高以及變化性低的音節類型都是無標記(unmarked)的音節類型，相反的頻率低
以及變化性高的音節類型則都是有標記的(marked)音節類型，此外小朋友會用無
標記的音節類型來取代有標記的音節類型。
The purpose of this study is to discuss the issue concerning phonological variability of children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin. Two aspects are including in the following: the phonological variability of words and the syllable types composed the words. The overall variability pattern, the frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern of syllable type were analyzed. Six participants are investigated in the study, aged between 0;11 to 2;0. A
longitudinal observation study is conducted by the author and the research team.
The results showed that phonological variability is common in early phonological development. The increase in variability reflects the reorganization of
phonological system, where children started to produce two-word utterances and the amount of different words was increased. As for the syllable type analysis, CV presented the highest in frequency, the lowest in variability rate, and also was used to replace other syllable type more often. CVG was one of the most frequently used syllable type; however, the variability rate of CVG was also high. The reason may due to the fact coda-dropping is a very common phenomenon in children’s development.
The results in this study were examined in the markedness theory of syllable proposed by Jakobson (1968). The results showed that syllable types with higher frequency and lower variability rates were unmarked syllable types, while syllable types with lower frequency and higher variability rates were marked syllable types. Furthermore, children tended to use a more unmarked syllable to replace a more marked syllable.
參考文獻 Anderson, J. (2007). Phonological neighborhood and word frequency effects in the stuttered disfluencies of children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 229–247.
Anderson, J. (2008). Age of acquisition and repetition priming effects on picture naming of children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33,135–155.
Chao, Y-R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley. University of California Press.
Cheng, C-C. (1973). A Synchronic Phonology of Mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Mouton.
Chen, L-M. (2005). Development of Vocalic production in a Mandarin learning infant: a longitudinal case study. Providence Forum: Language and Humanities, 1(1), 169-192.
Davis, S., & Hammond, M. (1995). On the status of onglides in American English. Phonology,12,159-182.
Demuth, K., & Johnson, M. (2003). Truncation to subminimal words in early French. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 48, 211-241
Dodd, B., Leahy, J., & Hambly, G. (1989). Phonological disorders in children:underlying cognitive deficits. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7,55-71.
Duanmu. S. (1990). A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress, and Domain in Chinese Languages. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Duanmu, S. (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese. New York: Oxford University Press.
Duanmu, S. (2010). Syllable Structure: The Limits of Variation.Paperback edition. Oxford University Press.
Ferguson, C. A., & Farwell, C. B. (1975). Words and sounds in early language acquisition. Language, 51(2), 419–439
Gierut, J., Morrisette, M., & Champion, A. (1999). Lexical constraints in phonological acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 26, 261–294.
Gleason, J. B., & Ratner, N. B. (2009). The development of language. Boston, Mass: Pearson Press.
Green, J. R., Moore, C. A., & Reilly, K. J. (2002). The sequential development of jaw and lip control for speech. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research,
45(1), 66–79.
van Geert, P., & van Dijk, M. (2002). Focus on variability: New tools to study intra-individual variability in developmental data. Infant Behavior &Development, 25, 340–374.
Holm, A., Crosbie, S., & Dodd, B. (2007). Differentiation normal variability from inconsistency in children’s speech: Normative data. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 42(4), 467-486.
Ingram, D. (1978). The role of the syllable in phonological development. In A. Bell and J. Hooper (eds.), Syllables and Segments. New York: Elsevier-North
Holland press.
Ingram, D. (2002). The measurement of whole-word productions. Journal of Child Language, 29, 713-733.
Kenney, K., & Prather, E. (1986). Articulation development in preschool children:consistency of production. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29, 29–36.
Kehoe, M. M., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2001). Development of syllable structure in English-speaking children with particular reference to rhymes. Journal of Child
Language, 28 (2), 393-432
Leonard, L. B., Rowan, L. E., Morris, B., & Fey, M. E. (1982). Intra-word phonological variability in young children. Journal of Child Language, 9, 55–69.
Levelt, C. C., & van de Vijver, R. (2000). Syllable types in cross-linguistic and developmental grammars. In R. Kager., J. Pater.and W. Zonneveld (eds.), Constraints in Phonological Acquisition. New York: Cambridge University Press.204- 218.
Lin, Y-H. (1990). Prenuclear glides in Chinese. Paper presented in Mid-America
Linguistics Conference. University of Kansas.
Lin, Y-H. (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Macrae, T. (2013). Lexical and child-related factors in word variability and accuracy
in infants. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, early Online: 1-11.
McLeod, S., & Hewett, S. R. (2008). Variability in the Production of Words Containing Consonant Clusters by Typical 2- and 3- Year-Old Children. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 60, 163-172.
Menn, L., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2009). Phonological development. In J. B. Gleason.
and N. B. Ratner (eds.), The Development of Language. Boston, Mass: Pearson Press.58-103.
Morrison, C. M.,&Ellis, A.W. (1995). Roles of word frequency and age of acquisition in word naming and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 116–15.
Sosa, V. A., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2006). Patterns of intra-word phonological variability during the second year of life. Journal of Child Language, 33, 31-50.
Sosa, V. A., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2012). Lexical and Phonological Effects in Early Word Production. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55,596-608.
Stark, R. E. (1980). Stages of the speech development in the first year of life. In G.H.Yeni-Komshian, J. F. Kavanagh and C. A. Ferfuson (eds.), Child phonology: Volume 1 Production. New York: Academic Press.
Sitites, J., Demuth, K., & Kirk, C. (2003). Markedness vs. Frequency Effects in Coda
Acquisition, In Proceedings of the Boston University Conference on Language.
Thelen, E., & Bates, E. (2003). Connectionism and dynamic systems: Are they really different? Developmental Science, 6(4), 378–391.
Tsay, J. (2007, April). Markedness and Frequency in Phonological Development: A Corpus-based Study. International Workshop on Grammar and Evidence.
Symposium conducted at the meeting of National Chung Cheng University College of Humanities, Room 155.
Walsh, B. M., & Smith, A. (2002). Articulatory movements in adolescents: Evidence for protracted development of speech motor control processes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 1119–1133.
Wan, I-P. (1999). Mandarin Phonology: evidence from speech errors. Ph.D. dissertation. SUNY-Buffalo.
Wang, H. S., & Chang, C-L. (2001). On the Status of the Prenucleus Glide in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistic, 2(2), 243-260.
Zhu, H., & Dodd, B. (2000). The phonological acquisition of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese). Journal of Child Language, 27(1), 3-42.
蔡素娟 (民94)。音韻發展中的標記性與頻率：以語料庫為本的研究 (3/3) 。行
政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告（編號：NSC 94-2411-H-194-002-），
未出版。
蔡素娟（民95）。語料庫為本的閩南語兒童韻律習得研究。行政院國家科學委員
會專題研究成果報告（編號：NSC 95-2411-H-194-022-MY3），未出版。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
100555012
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100555012
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 萬依萍<br>I-Ping Wanzh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 王心怡zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 王心怡zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 14-Jul-2014 11:27:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 14-Jul-2014 11:27:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 14-Jul-2014 11:27:24 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100555012en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/67461-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100555012zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇論文是針對六位以台灣華語為母語的嬰幼兒，採長期觀察的方式，研究
台灣華語字彙產製的音韻變化性(phonological variability)，並詳細描述單音節詞和雙音節詞之中音節類型出現的頻率、變化性、以及代換模式。本研究同時要用Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論來檢驗各種音節類型中的共通性。
本研究一共觀察了有六位年齡在十一個月至兩歲的嬰幼兒長達一年。以兩個
禮拜一次的頻率收集嬰幼兒和母親之間的自然對話，並利用錄製回來的影音檔做
譯寫和分析。
結果顯示小朋友的音韻變化是很常見的，且是有規則可循的。小朋友的音韻變異量的高峰(variability peak)會出現在當小朋友的音韻發展從一個階段進展到另一個階段的時候，而本篇論文顯示與當小朋友由單字期(one-word stage)進展到雙字期(two-word stage)以及字彙量有大幅上升的時期符合。華語音節習得的部分，結果顯示CV 是頻率最高、變化性最低，且最常被拿來替換的音節類型。CVG
也是頻率高的音節類型之一，但他的變化性也很高，主要是因為韻尾省略
(coda-dropping)的現象在小朋友的早期發展很常見的關係，所以CVG 雖然頻率高但是變化性也很高而且是最常被取代的音節類型之一。
最後，將所有的結果拿來檢驗Jakoson (1968)的音節標記理論，結果發現頻
率高以及變化性低的音節類型都是無標記(unmarked)的音節類型，相反的頻率低
以及變化性高的音節類型則都是有標記的(marked)音節類型，此外小朋友會用無
標記的音節類型來取代有標記的音節類型。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The purpose of this study is to discuss the issue concerning phonological variability of children acquiring Taiwan Mandarin. Two aspects are including in the following: the phonological variability of words and the syllable types composed the words. The overall variability pattern, the frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern of syllable type were analyzed. Six participants are investigated in the study, aged between 0;11 to 2;0. A
longitudinal observation study is conducted by the author and the research team.
The results showed that phonological variability is common in early phonological development. The increase in variability reflects the reorganization of
phonological system, where children started to produce two-word utterances and the amount of different words was increased. As for the syllable type analysis, CV presented the highest in frequency, the lowest in variability rate, and also was used to replace other syllable type more often. CVG was one of the most frequently used syllable type; however, the variability rate of CVG was also high. The reason may due to the fact coda-dropping is a very common phenomenon in children’s development.
The results in this study were examined in the markedness theory of syllable proposed by Jakobson (1968). The results showed that syllable types with higher frequency and lower variability rates were unmarked syllable types, while syllable types with lower frequency and higher variability rates were marked syllable types. Furthermore, children tended to use a more unmarked syllable to replace a more marked syllable.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The research background 4
1.2 Syllable analysis 6
1.3 Research questions 8
1.4 Organization of the thesis 9
Chapter 2 Literature review 11
2.1 The development of speech production 11
2.1.1 Whole-word representation 13
2.1.1.1 Ferguson and Farwell (1975) 13
2.1.1.2 Ingram (2002) 15
2.1.2 Syllable 16
2.2 Factors of phonological variability 17
2.2.1 Physical factor 18
2.2.2 Phonological factors 19
2.3 Introduction to Mandarin syllable 21
2.3.1 Syllable types in Mandarin 21
2.3.2 Tone 24
2.4 Syllable acquisition in cross-language studies 25
2.4.1 English 25
2.4.2 German and Dutch 27
2.4.3 Taiwan Southern Min 28
2.4.4 Beijing Mandarin 29
Chapter 3 Methodology 31
3.1 Data collection 32
3.1.1 Participants 33
3.1.2 Procedures 34
3.1.3 Recording equipment 36
3.2 Data analysis 36
3.2.1 Transcription and coding 36
3.2.2 Criteria for target word 38
3.2.3 Variability rate 40
3.2.4 Syllable type frequency 43
3.2.5 Substitution patterns of syllable type 44
Chapter 4 Results and Analysis 47
4.1 Background information of the data 47
4.2 Phonological variability 50
4.2.1 Overall variability pattern 53
4.3 Syllable analysis 58
4.3.1 Frequency of syllable type 59
4.3.1.1 Monosyllabic words 59
4.3.1.2 Disyllabic words 62
4.3.2 Variability rate of syllable type 68
4.3.2.1 Monosyllabic words 68
4.3.2.2 Disyllabic words 69
4.4 Substitution pattern 71
4.4.1 Overall substitution pattern 71
4.4.2 Monosyllabic words 73
4.4.3 Disyllabic words 75
4.5 Relationship between frequency, variability rate, and substitution pattern 77
4.5.1 Variability rate and frequency 78
4.5.2 Substitution pattern and frequency 80
Chapter 5 Discussion 83
5.1 Summary of the findings 83
5.2 Discussion on variability pattern 85
5.3 Discussion on syllable type analysis 87
5.3.1 Syllable type frequency 88
5.3.2 Substitution pattern 89
5.3.3 Syllable type variability 90
5.4 Concluding remarks 92
References 94
Appendixes
A. The overall frequencies of syllable combination in disyllabic words 100
B. The frequencies of syllable combination in disyllabic words of each participant 103		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 2183143 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100555012en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 兒童語言發展zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音韻變化性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音節習得zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 代換模式zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣華語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonological developmenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonological variabilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) syllable acquisitionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) substitution patternen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwan Mandarin.en_US
dc.title (題名) 台灣華語字彙產製之音韻變化性zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Phonological variability in word production in Taiwan Mandarinen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anderson, J. (2007). Phonological neighborhood and word frequency effects in the stuttered disfluencies of children who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 229–247.
Anderson, J. (2008). Age of acquisition and repetition priming effects on picture naming of children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33,135–155.
Chao, Y-R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley. University of California Press.
Cheng, C-C. (1973). A Synchronic Phonology of Mandarin Chinese. The Hague: Mouton.
Chen, L-M. (2005). Development of Vocalic production in a Mandarin learning infant: a longitudinal case study. Providence Forum: Language and Humanities, 1(1), 169-192.
Davis, S., & Hammond, M. (1995). On the status of onglides in American English. Phonology,12,159-182.
Demuth, K., & Johnson, M. (2003). Truncation to subminimal words in early French. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 48, 211-241
Dodd, B., Leahy, J., & Hambly, G. (1989). Phonological disorders in children:underlying cognitive deficits. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 7,55-71.
Duanmu. S. (1990). A Formal Study of Syllable, Tone, Stress, and Domain in Chinese Languages. Cambridge: MIT dissertation.
Duanmu, S. (2007). The Phonology of Standard Chinese. New York: Oxford University Press.
Duanmu, S. (2010). Syllable Structure: The Limits of Variation.Paperback edition. Oxford University Press.
Ferguson, C. A., & Farwell, C. B. (1975). Words and sounds in early language acquisition. Language, 51(2), 419–439
Gierut, J., Morrisette, M., & Champion, A. (1999). Lexical constraints in phonological acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 26, 261–294.
Gleason, J. B., & Ratner, N. B. (2009). The development of language. Boston, Mass: Pearson Press.
Green, J. R., Moore, C. A., & Reilly, K. J. (2002). The sequential development of jaw and lip control for speech. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research,
45(1), 66–79.
van Geert, P., & van Dijk, M. (2002). Focus on variability: New tools to study intra-individual variability in developmental data. Infant Behavior &Development, 25, 340–374.
Holm, A., Crosbie, S., & Dodd, B. (2007). Differentiation normal variability from inconsistency in children’s speech: Normative data. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 42(4), 467-486.
Ingram, D. (1978). The role of the syllable in phonological development. In A. Bell and J. Hooper (eds.), Syllables and Segments. New York: Elsevier-North
Holland press.
Ingram, D. (2002). The measurement of whole-word productions. Journal of Child Language, 29, 713-733.
Kenney, K., & Prather, E. (1986). Articulation development in preschool children:consistency of production. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29, 29–36.
Kehoe, M. M., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2001). Development of syllable structure in English-speaking children with particular reference to rhymes. Journal of Child
Language, 28 (2), 393-432
Leonard, L. B., Rowan, L. E., Morris, B., & Fey, M. E. (1982). Intra-word phonological variability in young children. Journal of Child Language, 9, 55–69.
Levelt, C. C., & van de Vijver, R. (2000). Syllable types in cross-linguistic and developmental grammars. In R. Kager., J. Pater.and W. Zonneveld (eds.), Constraints in Phonological Acquisition. New York: Cambridge University Press.204- 218.
Lin, Y-H. (1990). Prenuclear glides in Chinese. Paper presented in Mid-America
Linguistics Conference. University of Kansas.
Lin, Y-H. (2007). The Sounds of Chinese. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Macrae, T. (2013). Lexical and child-related factors in word variability and accuracy
in infants. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, early Online: 1-11.
McLeod, S., & Hewett, S. R. (2008). Variability in the Production of Words Containing Consonant Clusters by Typical 2- and 3- Year-Old Children. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 60, 163-172.
Menn, L., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2009). Phonological development. In J. B. Gleason.
and N. B. Ratner (eds.), The Development of Language. Boston, Mass: Pearson Press.58-103.
Morrison, C. M.,&Ellis, A.W. (1995). Roles of word frequency and age of acquisition in word naming and lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 116–15.
Sosa, V. A., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2006). Patterns of intra-word phonological variability during the second year of life. Journal of Child Language, 33, 31-50.
Sosa, V. A., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2012). Lexical and Phonological Effects in Early Word Production. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55,596-608.
Stark, R. E. (1980). Stages of the speech development in the first year of life. In G.H.Yeni-Komshian, J. F. Kavanagh and C. A. Ferfuson (eds.), Child phonology: Volume 1 Production. New York: Academic Press.
Sitites, J., Demuth, K., & Kirk, C. (2003). Markedness vs. Frequency Effects in Coda
Acquisition, In Proceedings of the Boston University Conference on Language.
Thelen, E., & Bates, E. (2003). Connectionism and dynamic systems: Are they really different? Developmental Science, 6(4), 378–391.
Tsay, J. (2007, April). Markedness and Frequency in Phonological Development: A Corpus-based Study. International Workshop on Grammar and Evidence.
Symposium conducted at the meeting of National Chung Cheng University College of Humanities, Room 155.
Walsh, B. M., & Smith, A. (2002). Articulatory movements in adolescents: Evidence for protracted development of speech motor control processes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 1119–1133.
Wan, I-P. (1999). Mandarin Phonology: evidence from speech errors. Ph.D. dissertation. SUNY-Buffalo.
Wang, H. S., & Chang, C-L. (2001). On the Status of the Prenucleus Glide in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistic, 2(2), 243-260.
Zhu, H., & Dodd, B. (2000). The phonological acquisition of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese). Journal of Child Language, 27(1), 3-42.
蔡素娟 (民94)。音韻發展中的標記性與頻率：以語料庫為本的研究 (3/3) 。行
政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告（編號：NSC 94-2411-H-194-002-），
未出版。
蔡素娟（民95）。語料庫為本的閩南語兒童韻律習得研究。行政院國家科學委員
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