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題名 客語母語者使用國音/ɕ/的狀況:社會語言學分析
Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Phonetic Variation of Mandarin /ɕ/ by Hakka Speakers
作者 鄧碩敦
Teng, Shou Tun
貢獻者 詹惠珍
Chan, Hui Chen
鄧碩敦
Teng, Shou Tun
關鍵詞 語音變異
詞彙擴散
場合正式性
客家話
社會語言變異
族群認同
phonetic variation
lexical diffusion
formality
Hakka dialect
sociolinguistic variation
ethnic identity
日期 2013
上傳時間 6-Aug-2014 11:36:45 (UTC+8)
摘要 大部分在台灣的客家人都會說中文,但是其中有些客家人說國語時會留下客語的遺跡。本篇論文已語言上,場合正式性上,地理區域,以及社會因素等方面探討部分客家人把國語的/ɕ/唸成[s]的原因。
本篇論文包含量化分析以及質化分析,在量化分析上透過面對面的交談,念文章,以及唸單字等方法來收集資料。量化分析上總共有32位受試者,且受試者依照性別,教育程度,年齡以及地理區域以二分法的方式。而在質化分析上的受試者和量化分析的受試者為同一批人,但只有29位再次參與調查。
本篇主要的發現為: (1)在語言內部因素中,字頻,鄰近音,以及音節結構對於語音變異皆有影響。(2)語音變異的確有擴散的現象。(3)在語言外部的因素中,年齡以及地理區域的影響比場合正式性及性別來得大,但教育程度的影響則很微弱。整體而言:(1)本篇調查的語音透過語言內部,場合正式性,社會以及地理空間擴散 (2)語言內部以及語言外部皆對與音變異有影響,但語言外部的因素的影響比內部因素來得大。
Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan, if not all, speak Mandarin Chinese. Among them, many leave some traces of their Hakka background in their Mandarin pronunciation. This thesis aims at analyzing the linguistic, situational, geographical, and social causes of the emergence of [s] as a phonetic variant of /ɕ/ in Mandarin by Hakka speakers.
In this study, both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to locate the internal and the external constraints on the target phonetic variation. Those data for quantitative analyses were collected from the linguistic production by 32 native speakers of Hakka in casual conversation, reading passage, and reading characters. Subjects of this study are equally distributed to two genders, two education levels, two age groups, and two geographical areas (namely, in Taoyuan City and Chungli City, two cities in which a large proportion of Hakka speakers reside) . As for data for qualitative analyses collected from 29 of the 32 subjects of the quantitative tests, only those parts of the qualitative design that were implemented correctly were analyzed.
The major findings of this study are (1) among the internal factors, word frequency, preceding vowels, and syllable structure were found to be influential to the target phonetic variation; (2) the target phonetic variation does expands through lexical diffusion; and (3) among the external factors, age and geographical area are more influential than situational formality and gender, but the impact of education level is weak. General conclusion of this study include (1) this target phonetic variation is expanding gradually through linguistic, situational, and

social/geographical spaces; and (2) both internal and external factors are effective, with external factors being more influential than internal factors.


Key words: phonetic variation, lexical diffusion, formality, Hakka dialect, sociolinguistic variation, ethnic identity
參考文獻 English References

Anshen, F. (1969). Speech Variation Among Negroes in a Small Southern
Community. Diss. New York .
Bailey, C. J. (1973). Variation and Linguistic Theory. Washington, D.C. : Center for Applied Linguistics.

Bailey, G. (1993). Some patterns of linguistic diffusion. Language Variation and Change 5: 359-390.

Bailey, G., Tillery, J., and Wikle, T. (1997). Methodology of a survey of Oklahoma Dialects. SECOL Review 21: 1-30.

Bell, A. (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society, 13, 145-204.

Britain, D. (2002). Space and Spatial diffusion. In J.K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill
and Natalie Schilling-Estes.(Ed.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 603-637.

Chambers, J. K. (2002). Patterns of Variation including Change.In J.K. Chambers,
P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes.(eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell. 349-370.

Chambers, J. and P. Trudgill. (1998). Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chambers, J. and P. Trudgill (eds) (1998). The Sociolinguistic Reader, vol.2: gender and discourse. London: Arnold.

Chan, H. (1984). The Phonetic Development of / ʐ / in Taiwan:
a sociolinguistic study. MA Thesis. Taipei: Fu Jen Catholic University.

Cheshire, J. (2002). Sex and gender in variationist research. In J.K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling- Estes (eds.) Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 423-443.
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Strucutres. Mouton: Hague.

Cukor-Avila, P. (2000). The Stability of Individual Vernaculars. University of North Texas.

Eckert, P. (2012). Three Waves of VariationStudy: The Emergence of
Meaning in the Study of Sociolinguistic Variation. Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

Fasold, R. W. (1987). The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell, 147-179.

Fidelholz, J. (1975). Word Frequency and Vowel Reduction in English. CLS
11: 200-213.

Giles, H., Scherer, K. R., and D. M. Taylor. (1979). Speech Markers in Social
Interaction. New York: Academic Press.

Gumperz, J. J. (1971). Language in Social Groups. Standford, CA: Standford
University Press.

Hansen, A. B. (2001). Lexical Diffusion as a Factor of Phonetic Change: The Case
of Modern French Nasal Vowels. Language Variation and Change,
13: 209- 252.

Hooper, J. (1976). An introduction to Natural Generative Phonology. New York:
Academic Press.

Hoover, M.R. (1978). Community attitudes toward Black English. Language in Society, 7 (1): 65-87.

Hudson, R.A. (1996). Sociolinguisitcs. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.

Labov,W. (1963). The Social Motivation of a Sound Change. Word, 19: 273-309.

Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City.
Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.

Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguisitc Patterns. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press.

Labov, W. (1984). Field Methods of the Project on Linguisitc Change and
Variation, Language in Use. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 28-53.

Labov, W. (1990). The Intersection of Sex and Social Class in the Course of
Linguistic Change. Language Variation and Change, 2: 205-254.

Labov, W. (1994). Principles of Linguistic Change, I: Internal Factors. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Leslau,W. (1969). Frequency as determinant of linguistic change in the Ethiopian
languages. Word 25: 180-89.

Lyons, J. (1970). New Horizons in Linguistics. Harmondsworth, England:Penguin
Books.

McMahon. (1994). Three views of sound change. In Understanding Language
Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 14-44.

Milroy, J. and Milroy, L. (1978). Belfast: Change and variation in an urban vernacular. In P. Trudgill (ed.), Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English. London:Arnold.

Phillips, B. (1981). Lexical diffusion and Southern tune, duke, news. American
Speech, 56:72-78.

Postal. (1968). Aspects of phonological Theory. Harper & Row : New York.
Schuchardt (1885). Uber die Lautgesetze: Gegen die Junggrammatiker. [Trans-lation in: Schuchardt, the Neogrammarians, and the transformational theory of phonological change, ed. by Theo Vennemann & Terence Wilbur, 39-72. Frank-furt: Athenaum, 1972.]

Saussure, F. (1916). Course in General Linguistics. Glasgow: Fontana/Collins.

Scherer, K. and Giles, H. (1979). Social markers in Speech. Cambridge University Press.

Schmidt, J. (1872). Die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen. Deutschland: Weimar.

Schuchardt, H. (1928). Hugo Schuchardt-Brevierz. Ein Vademecum der allgemeinen Sprach wissenshaft. Halle/Saale: Niemeyer.

Thomason, S.G. and Kaufman, T. (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguisitcs. California:University of California Press.

Trudgill, P. (1974). Sociolinguisitc: An introduction. Middlesex, England: Penguin
Books.

Tse, K.-P. (1983). Bilingulaism in University Students in th Republic
of China. Studies in English Literature and Linguisitcs. 1983, May, 178-192.

Verner, K.A. (1877). Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen 23.2: 97-130.

Wang, S-Y. (1969). Competing Changes as a Cause of Residue. Language 45: 9-25.

Wang, S-Y. (ed.) (1977). The Lexicon in Phonological Change. The Hague: Mouton.

Wardhaugh, R. (2002). Speech communities. In R. Wardhaugh (Ed.), An Introduction
to Sociolinguistics. New York: Blackwell, 116-125.

Warner, W., Lloyd, and Paul S. Lunt. (1941). The Social Life of a Modern Community.
New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Warner , W. Lloyd, with Marchia, M. ,and Kenneth, E. (1960). Social Class in
America : A Manual of Procedure for the Measurement of Social Status. New York: Harper.

Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New
York: Linguistic Circle of New York.



Chinese References

行政院客家委員會 (2010)。93年度全國客家人口基礎資料調查研究。
台北:行政院客家委員，42-87

桃園縣政府 (2013)。認識桃園 (桃園市)。2013.9.5, 線上檢索，取自:
http://www.tycg.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10101&parentpath=0,6,10099

桃園縣政府 (2013)。認識桃園 (中壢市)。2013.9.6, 線上檢索，取自:
http://www.tycg.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10102&parentpath=0,6,10099

桃園縣政府桃園市戶政事務所 (2013)。 民國102年8月桃園市各里人口統計表。2013.9.6，線上檢索，取自: http://www.taoyuan.gov.tw/popu/10208.html

桃園縣政府中壢市戶政事務所 (2013)。中壢市102年8月份各里戶數、人數。
2013.9.6， 線上檢索，取自: http://www.chungli.gov.tw/population/doc/pplm/chinese/10208.pdf
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
99555010
102
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099555010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 詹惠珍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chan, Hui Chenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鄧碩敦zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Teng, Shou Tunen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鄧碩敦zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Teng, Shou Tunen_US
dc.date (日期) 2013en_US
dc.date.accessioned 6-Aug-2014 11:36:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 6-Aug-2014 11:36:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Aug-2014 11:36:45 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099555010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/68203-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99555010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 102zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 大部分在台灣的客家人都會說中文,但是其中有些客家人說國語時會留下客語的遺跡。本篇論文已語言上,場合正式性上,地理區域,以及社會因素等方面探討部分客家人把國語的/ɕ/唸成[s]的原因。
本篇論文包含量化分析以及質化分析,在量化分析上透過面對面的交談,念文章,以及唸單字等方法來收集資料。量化分析上總共有32位受試者,且受試者依照性別,教育程度,年齡以及地理區域以二分法的方式。而在質化分析上的受試者和量化分析的受試者為同一批人,但只有29位再次參與調查。
本篇主要的發現為: (1)在語言內部因素中,字頻,鄰近音,以及音節結構對於語音變異皆有影響。(2)語音變異的確有擴散的現象。(3)在語言外部的因素中,年齡以及地理區域的影響比場合正式性及性別來得大,但教育程度的影響則很微弱。整體而言:(1)本篇調查的語音透過語言內部,場合正式性,社會以及地理空間擴散 (2)語言內部以及語言外部皆對與音變異有影響,但語言外部的因素的影響比內部因素來得大。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Most Hakka speakers in Taiwan, if not all, speak Mandarin Chinese. Among them, many leave some traces of their Hakka background in their Mandarin pronunciation. This thesis aims at analyzing the linguistic, situational, geographical, and social causes of the emergence of [s] as a phonetic variant of /ɕ/ in Mandarin by Hakka speakers.
In this study, both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to locate the internal and the external constraints on the target phonetic variation. Those data for quantitative analyses were collected from the linguistic production by 32 native speakers of Hakka in casual conversation, reading passage, and reading characters. Subjects of this study are equally distributed to two genders, two education levels, two age groups, and two geographical areas (namely, in Taoyuan City and Chungli City, two cities in which a large proportion of Hakka speakers reside) . As for data for qualitative analyses collected from 29 of the 32 subjects of the quantitative tests, only those parts of the qualitative design that were implemented correctly were analyzed.
The major findings of this study are (1) among the internal factors, word frequency, preceding vowels, and syllable structure were found to be influential to the target phonetic variation; (2) the target phonetic variation does expands through lexical diffusion; and (3) among the external factors, age and geographical area are more influential than situational formality and gender, but the impact of education level is weak. General conclusion of this study include (1) this target phonetic variation is expanding gradually through linguistic, situational, and

social/geographical spaces; and (2) both internal and external factors are effective, with external factors being more influential than internal factors.


Key words: phonetic variation, lexical diffusion, formality, Hakka dialect, sociolinguistic variation, ethnic identity		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….i
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………...……ii
List of Maps…………………………………………………………………………..vi
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………vii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..x

Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Rationale………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Linguistic and Social-Historical Backgrounds………………………………….1
1.3 Geographical Backgrounds……………………………………………………..2
1.3.1 Geographical location……………………………………………………..2
1.3.2 Demographic backgrounds………………………………………………..4
1.3.3 Socio-economic of the two cities…………………………………………5
1.4 Research Questions and Hypotheses……………………………………………5

Chapter 2 Literature Review………………………………………………………...7
2.1 Theories of Linguistic Variation and Change…………………………………...7
2.1.1 The formalism’s point of view……………………………………………7
2.1.2 Lexical diffusion theory…………………………………………………..9
2.1.3 Sociolinguistic variation…………………………………………………10
2.2 Linguistic Variation within Context…………………………………………...10
2.2.1 Speech community………………………………………………………10
2.2.2 Language contact………………………………………………………...11
2.2.3 External factors of linguistic variation…………………………………..12
2.2.3.1 linguistic variation by geography……………………………….12
2.2.3.2 linguistic variation by formality………………………………...13
2.3.3.3 linguistic variation by social space……………………………...14
2.2.4 Language attitudes……………………………………………………….17

Chapter 3 Methodology…………………………………………………………….19
3.1 Design of Quantitative Analysis……………………………………………….19
3.1.1 Linguistic factors………………………………………………………...19
3.1.1.1 neighboring sounds………………………………………………19
3.1.1.2 syllable structures……………………………………………….....................20
3.1.1.3 character frequency………………………………………………21
3.1.2 Non-linguistic factors……………………………………………………23
3.1.2.1 situational formality……………………………………………...23
3.1.2.2 nature of the geographical area…………………………………..23
3.1.2.3 social factors……………………………………………………..23
3.2 The Tools……………………………………………………………………..24
3.2.1 Conversation……………………………………………………………24
3.2.2 Reading passages……………………………………………………….25
3.2.3 Reading characters……………………………………………………..25
3.3 Design of Qualitative Analysis……………………………………………….25
3.4 Measurement…………………………………………………………………26
3.5 Sampling……………………………………………………………………...26
3.5.1 Source of subjects………………………………………………………26
3.5.2 Social distributions of the subjects……………………………………..27
3.6 The Procedure of Data Collection……………………………………………28

Chapter 4 Data Analyses……………………………………………………………29
4.1 General distributions of the Two Variants of /ɕ/……………………………...29
4.1.1 Distributions of the two variants of /ɕ/ by formality…………………...29
4.1.2 Distributions of the two variants of /ɕ/ by social/geographical
factors………………………………………………………………….30
4.1.3 Distributions of the two variants of /ɕ/ by social/geographical
factors and formality…………………………………………………..33
4.2 Distributions of [s]% by Syllable Structures………...................................... .35
4.2.1 General distributions of [s]% by syllable structures…………………...35
4.2.2 Distributions of [s]% by syllable structures and formality…………….36
4.2.3 Distributions of [s]% by syllable structures and social/geographical
factors………………………………………………………………….37
4.2.4 Distributions of [s]% by syllable structures, formality,
and social/geographical factors………………………………………..39
4.2.5 Distributions of [s]% by syllable structures and interactions
of social/geographical factors…….........................................................41
4.2.6 Distributions of [s]% by syllable structures, formality, and the interactions of social/geographical factors…………….........................43
4.3 Distributions of [s]% by the Advancement of the Preceding Vowels………..47
4.3.1 General distributions of [s]% by the advancement
of the preceding vowels…………………………………......................47
4.3.2 Distributions of [s]% by the advancement of the preceding vowels
and formality…………………………………………………………..48
4.3.3 Distributions of [s]% by the advancement of the preceding vowels
and social/geographical factors………………………………………..49
4.3.4 Distributions of [s]% by the advancement of the preceding vowels,
formality, and social/geographical factors……………………………..50
4.3.5 Distributions of [s]% by the advancement of the preceding vowels
and the interactions of the social/geographical factors………………..52
4.3.6 Distributions of [s]% by the advancement of the preceding vowels,
formality, and the interactions of the social/geographical factors..........56
4.4 Distributions of [s]% by the Preceding Nasals……………………………….63
4.4.1 General distributions of [s]% by the preceding nasals…………………63
4.4.2 Distributions of [s]% by the preceding nasals and formality…………..63
4.4.3 Distributions of [s]% by the preceding nasals and
social/geographical factors…………………………………………….64
4.4.4 Distributions of [s]% by the preceding nasals, formality and
social/geographical factors formality………………………................ 66
4.4.5 Distributions of [s]% by the preceding nasals and the interactions
of social/geographical factors……………………………………….... 67
4.4.6 Distributions of [s]% by the preceding nasals, formality
,and the interactions of social/geographical factors…………...............70
4.5 [s]% in Lexical Diffusison…………………………………………...............73
4.5.1 [s]% in lexical diffusion by character frequency
and formality………………………......................................................73
4.5.2 [s]% in lexical diffusion by syllable structures
and formality…………………………………………………………..74
4.5.3 [s]% in lexical diffusion by characters…………………………………75
4.6 Subjects’ Stereotypical Impressions toward Hakka Dialect………………….76
4.6.1 Subjects’ stereotypical impressions toward Hakka dialect
with subjects as a whole……………………………………………….76
4.6.2 Subjects’ stereotypical impressions toward Hakka dialect
by social/geographical factors…………………………………………77
4.6.3 [s]% by stereotypical impressions toward Hakka dialect, formality,
and social/geographical factors………………………………………..79
4.6.4 The subjects’ stereotypical impressions toward Hakka dialect
by the interactions of social/geographical factors……………………..81


4.7 [s]% by Subjects’ Proficiency in Hakka and Frequency
of using Hakka.................................................................................................82

Chapter 5 Conclusions……………………………………………………………...85
5.1 Summary of the Major Findings………………..……..……………………..86
5.2 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..86
5.3 Limitations………………………………………………………………..….87


References…………………………………………………………………………... 89
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………...94
Appendix 1: Topics for Conversation……………………………………………95
Appendix 2: Passages for Reading ……………………………………………..100
Appendix 3: Characters for Reading…………………………………………....101
Appendix 4: Stereotypical Impressions of Hakka Dialect………...……………102
Appendix 5: Questions for Interview…………………………………………...103		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1366559 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099555010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語音變異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 詞彙擴散zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 場合正式性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 客家話zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會語言變異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 族群認同zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonetic variationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) lexical diffusionen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) formalityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hakka dialecten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) sociolinguistic variationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) ethnic identityen_US
dc.title (題名) 客語母語者使用國音/ɕ/的狀況:社會語言學分析zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Sociolinguistic Analysis of the Phonetic Variation of Mandarin /ɕ/ by Hakka Speakersen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) English References

Anshen, F. (1969). Speech Variation Among Negroes in a Small Southern
Community. Diss. New York .
Bailey, C. J. (1973). Variation and Linguistic Theory. Washington, D.C. : Center for Applied Linguistics.

Bailey, G. (1993). Some patterns of linguistic diffusion. Language Variation and Change 5: 359-390.

Bailey, G., Tillery, J., and Wikle, T. (1997). Methodology of a survey of Oklahoma Dialects. SECOL Review 21: 1-30.

Bell, A. (1984). Language style as audience design. Language in Society, 13, 145-204.

Britain, D. (2002). Space and Spatial diffusion. In J.K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill
and Natalie Schilling-Estes.(Ed.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 603-637.

Chambers, J. K. (2002). Patterns of Variation including Change.In J.K. Chambers,
P. Trudgill and N. Schilling-Estes.(eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell. 349-370.

Chambers, J. and P. Trudgill. (1998). Dialectology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chambers, J. and P. Trudgill (eds) (1998). The Sociolinguistic Reader, vol.2: gender and discourse. London: Arnold.

Chan, H. (1984). The Phonetic Development of / ʐ / in Taiwan:
a sociolinguistic study. MA Thesis. Taipei: Fu Jen Catholic University.

Cheshire, J. (2002). Sex and gender in variationist research. In J.K. Chambers, P. Trudgill and N. Schilling- Estes (eds.) Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell, 423-443.
Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Strucutres. Mouton: Hague.

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