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題名 以語體變異現象驗證認知框架之存在
Stylistic Variation as Surface Evidence for Frame
作者 高子貽
Kao, Tzu Yi
貢獻者 詹惠珍
Chan, Hui Chen
高子貽
Kao, Tzu Yi
關鍵詞 認知框架
語體變異現象
階層性框架
frame
stylistic variation
hierarchical structure of frame
日期 2014
上傳時間 1-Jun-2015 10:57:54 (UTC+8)
摘要 本研究主要討論認知框架(Frame)的存在可藉由語體變異現象驗證，框架的概念可藉由說話者語體的轉換辨識，與語體變異現象相關並可驗證認知框架的語言策略和功能性策略皆被討論。本篇將歸納出語言策略與功能性策略的對應關係，並藉由語體變異現象驗證框架的結構是具階層性的。
本研究以語料庫為本，文內所分析的七筆語料皆來自政大國語口語語料庫，七筆語料皆是面對面、包含兩位參與者的對話，分析的過程以說話輪替(Turn)為計量單位，進而討論語體變異的目標。語料分類條件主要為語言形式策略(包含詞彙及句構)和功能性策略(包含言談結構、言說行動、語用合作原則)。
研究結果顯示(一)框架的概念可藉由語體變異現象驗證。語言形式策略包含詞彙的語意密度、正式性、詞頻，以及句型的複雜性、完整性、特定句型模式(Sentences patterns)等；(二)在敘述架構(Narrative Structure)中，語體變異現象主要用來標示闡述(Elaboration)，其次是評價(Evaluation)部分；在對話結構(Conversational Structure) 中，語體變異現象則主要用來標示話題延續(Topic Continuity)(三)語體變異現象主要可用來辨識言說行動中的斷言行為(Assertive)，其次為表述行為(Expressives)和指示行為(Directives)；(四)語體變異現象可用來辨識語用合作原則中的量的準則和方式準則；(五)語體變異現象驗證框架具有階層性的概念，包含主要三大階層—Denotative level、Metalinguistic level、和Metacommunicative level。
The aim of this study is to investigate how frame can be manifested through stylistic variation. Linguistic devices and functional strategies which related to stylistic variation for the manifestation of frame are discussed; the distributions between linguistic devices and functional strategies of stylistic variation for frame are also patternized. Last, stylistic variation can help to identify hierarchical structure of frame is verified.
This study is corpus-based that all of the data are face-to-face, spontaneous, dyadic conversations, extracted from NCCU Corpus of Spoken Mandarin. Seven samples are analyzed. “Turn” is using as measurement of linguistic unit to count the amount of stylistic variation for frame. In addition, only the goals of stylistic variation are counted and categorized. Criteria for data classification includes linguistic criteria (includes lexical devices and syntactic devices) and functional criteria (includes discourse structure, illocutionary acts, and Cooperative Principle).
The results of data analysis show that (1) frame can be identified through stylistic variation of lexical choices based on semantic density, word formality, and word frequency, as well as through shifting of syntactic devices which include sentence complexity, sentence completeness, and sentence patterns. (2) On discourse level in a narrative, stylistic variation is most frequently used to signal elaboration, less is evaluation; on discourse level in a conversation, stylistic variation is most frequently used to signal topic continuity. (3) Among the five types of illocutionary acts, stylistic variation is applied most frequently for assertives, less for expressives and directives, and never for commisssives and declaration.(4) Among Cooperative Principle, stylistic variation is applied most frequently for Maxim of Quantity and Maxim of Manner. (5) Last, hierarchical structure of frame, including subordinate denotative level, metalinguistic level, and dominant metacommunicative level, are verified in this study.
參考文獻 Abelson, R. P. (1975). Concepts for representing mundane reality in plans. Representation and understanding, 273-309. New York: Academic Press.

Auer, P. (1995). Bilingual Conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bateson, G. (1972). Steps toward an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine.

Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, Codes and Control, Vol. 1: Theoretical Studies towards a Sociology of language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Blom, J. P., & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code-switching in Norway. Directions in sociolinguistics. The ethnographic communication, ed. by J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes, 407-434. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.

Chafe, W. L. (1977). The recall and verbalization of past experience. Current issues in linguistic theory, ed. by R. W. Cole, 215-46. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Fillmore, C. J. (1975). An alternative to checklist theories of meaning. First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 123-131. Berkeley, California: University of California.

Frake, C. (1997). Plying frames can be dangerous: Some reflections on methodological in cognitive anthropology. Quarterly Newsletter of the Institute for Comparative Human Development, Vol. 3, 1-7.

Gal, S. (1979). Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press.

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Goffman, E. (1981). Footing. Forms of Talk, 124-159. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. Studies in Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts, ed. by P. Cole & J. Morgan, 183-98. New York: Academic Press.

Grosjean, F. (1995). A psycholinguistic approach to code-switching: The recognition of guest words by bilinguals. One speaker, two languages Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching, ed. by L. Milroy & P. Muysken. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hausenblas, K. (1993). The Position of Style in Verbal Communication. Studies in Functional Stylistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.

Heller, M. (1988). Introduction. Codeswitching: anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives, ed. by M. Heller. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Holmes, J. (1992). An introduction to sociolinguistics. New York: Longman Group Ltd.

Hoyle, S. M. (1993). Participation frameworks in sportscasting play: Imaginary and literal footings. Framing in Discourse, ed. by D. Tannen, 114-145. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hymes, D. (1974). Ways of speaking. Linguistic anthropology: a reader. 433-451.New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Hymes, D. (1988). Communicative Competence. Sociolinguistics, ed. by U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, & K. J. Matthier. Berlin, De Gruyter.

Kirschner, C. (1984). Style-shifting and the Spanish-English bilingual. Hispanic Linguistics, 1(2): 273-282.

Labov, W. (1972). The transformation of experience in narrative syntax. Language in the inner city: Studies in Black English vernacular, ed. by W. Labov, 354-396. Philadelphia: University of Washington Press.

Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Group Ltd.

McClure, E. (1977). Aspects of code-switching in the discourse of bilingual Mexican- American children. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, 93-115.

McClure, E., & McClure, M. (1988). Macro-and micro-sociolinguistic dimensions of code-switching in Vingard. Codeswitching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives, ed. by M. Heller, 25-51. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Minsky, M. (1975). A Framework for representing knowledge. The Psychology of Computer Vision, ed. by Patrick H. Winston, 211-277. New York: McGraw Hill.

Milroy, L., & Muysken, P. (1995). One speaker, two languages Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching, ed. by L. Milroy & P. Muysken. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A Typology of code-mixing, Vol. 11.New York: Cambridge University Press.

Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Duelling languages: grammatical structure in codeswitching, New York: Oxford University Press.

Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social Motivation for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

Ortega y Gasset, J. (1959). The difficulty of reading. Diogenes7(28):1-17.

Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I`ll start a sentence in English y termino en espanol: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18, 581-616.

Rickford, J. R., & McNair-Knox, F. (1994). Addressee-and topic-influenced style shift: A quantitative sociolinguistic study. Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register, 235-76. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ross, R. N. (1975). Ellipsis and the structure of expectation. San Jose State Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 1:183-91.

Romaine, S. (1995). Bilingualism. London: Longman.
Rumelhart, D. E. (1975). Notes on a schema for stories. Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science, 211-236. New York: Academic Press.

Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. Language, Vol. 50, 696-735.

Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University.

Schilling-Estes, N. (2002). 15 Investigating Stylistic Variation. The handbook of language variation and change, ed. by J. K. Chambers & N. Schilling-Estes. Blackwell Publisher.

Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1975). Scripts, Plans, and Knowledge. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University.

Tay, M. W. (1989). Code switching and code mixing as a communicative strategy in multilingual discourse. World Englishes, 8(3): 407-417.

Tannen, D., & Wallat, C. (1987). Interactive frames and knowledge schemas in interaction: Examples from a medical examination/interview. Framing in Discourse, ed. by D. Tannen, 57-76. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tannen, D. (1993). What’s in a frame? Surface evidence for underlying expectations. Framing in Discourse, ed. by D. Tannen, 14-56. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tannen, D. (1986). That`s Not What I Meant! How conversational style makes or breaks relationships. New York: Ballantine.

Timm, L. A. (1993). Bilingual code-switching: An overview of research. Language and culture in learning: Teaching Spanish to native speakers of Spanish, ed. by B. J. Merino, H. T. Trueba & F. A. Samaniego, 94-112. Bristol, Pennsylvania: Falmer Press.

Thompson, G. L. (2011). Code-switching as style-shifting. International Journal of Language Studies, 5(4):1-18.

Vogt, H. (1954). Contact of languages. Word, 10:365-74.

Wardhaugh, R. (2010). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.

Woolard, K. (2004). Codeswitching. A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, ed. by A. Duranti, 73-94.Oxford: Blackwell.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
101555010
103
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101555010
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 詹惠珍zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chan, Hui Chenen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 高子貽zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Kao, Tzu Yien_US
dc.creator (作者) 高子貽zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kao, Tzu Yien_US
dc.date (日期) 2014en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jun-2015 10:57:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jun-2015 10:57:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jun-2015 10:57:54 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0101555010en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/75388-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101555010zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究主要討論認知框架(Frame)的存在可藉由語體變異現象驗證，框架的概念可藉由說話者語體的轉換辨識，與語體變異現象相關並可驗證認知框架的語言策略和功能性策略皆被討論。本篇將歸納出語言策略與功能性策略的對應關係，並藉由語體變異現象驗證框架的結構是具階層性的。
本研究以語料庫為本，文內所分析的七筆語料皆來自政大國語口語語料庫，七筆語料皆是面對面、包含兩位參與者的對話，分析的過程以說話輪替(Turn)為計量單位，進而討論語體變異的目標。語料分類條件主要為語言形式策略(包含詞彙及句構)和功能性策略(包含言談結構、言說行動、語用合作原則)。
研究結果顯示(一)框架的概念可藉由語體變異現象驗證。語言形式策略包含詞彙的語意密度、正式性、詞頻，以及句型的複雜性、完整性、特定句型模式(Sentences patterns)等；(二)在敘述架構(Narrative Structure)中，語體變異現象主要用來標示闡述(Elaboration)，其次是評價(Evaluation)部分；在對話結構(Conversational Structure) 中，語體變異現象則主要用來標示話題延續(Topic Continuity)(三)語體變異現象主要可用來辨識言說行動中的斷言行為(Assertive)，其次為表述行為(Expressives)和指示行為(Directives)；(四)語體變異現象可用來辨識語用合作原則中的量的準則和方式準則；(五)語體變異現象驗證框架具有階層性的概念，包含主要三大階層—Denotative level、Metalinguistic level、和Metacommunicative level。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The aim of this study is to investigate how frame can be manifested through stylistic variation. Linguistic devices and functional strategies which related to stylistic variation for the manifestation of frame are discussed; the distributions between linguistic devices and functional strategies of stylistic variation for frame are also patternized. Last, stylistic variation can help to identify hierarchical structure of frame is verified.
This study is corpus-based that all of the data are face-to-face, spontaneous, dyadic conversations, extracted from NCCU Corpus of Spoken Mandarin. Seven samples are analyzed. “Turn” is using as measurement of linguistic unit to count the amount of stylistic variation for frame. In addition, only the goals of stylistic variation are counted and categorized. Criteria for data classification includes linguistic criteria (includes lexical devices and syntactic devices) and functional criteria (includes discourse structure, illocutionary acts, and Cooperative Principle).
The results of data analysis show that (1) frame can be identified through stylistic variation of lexical choices based on semantic density, word formality, and word frequency, as well as through shifting of syntactic devices which include sentence complexity, sentence completeness, and sentence patterns. (2) On discourse level in a narrative, stylistic variation is most frequently used to signal elaboration, less is evaluation; on discourse level in a conversation, stylistic variation is most frequently used to signal topic continuity. (3) Among the five types of illocutionary acts, stylistic variation is applied most frequently for assertives, less for expressives and directives, and never for commisssives and declaration.(4) Among Cooperative Principle, stylistic variation is applied most frequently for Maxim of Quantity and Maxim of Manner. (5) Last, hierarchical structure of frame, including subordinate denotative level, metalinguistic level, and dominant metacommunicative level, are verified in this study.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1. Motivations 1
1.2. Research Questions 2
1.3. Hypotheses 2
1.4. Outline of the Thesis 3

Chapter 2 Literature Review 4
2.1. Frame Analysis 4
2.1.1. The Definition of Frame 4
2.1.2. Footing and Frame 5
2.1.3. Message and Metamessage 7
2.1.4. Interactive Frame V.S. Knowledge Schema 7
2.1.4.1. Types of Frame 7
2.1.4.2. Interaction of Frames and Schemas 8
2.1.5. Evidence of Frame 9
2.1.5.1. The Peer-story Experiment 9
2.1.6. Frame Shifting 11
2.1.6.1. Reframing the Frame 11
2.1.6.2 Register Shifting 12
2.1.7. Interaction of Frames 13
2.1.7.1. Yield or Resist the Frame 13
2.1.8. Levels of Frames 13
2.2. Discourse Structure 15
2.2.1. The Structure of a Narrative 15
2.2.2. The Structure of a Conversation 17
2.2.3. Components of Communication 18
2.3. Illocutionary Acts 19
2.4. The Cooperative Principle (CP) 20
2.5. Stylistic Variation 21
2.5.1 Notions of Stylistic Variation 21
2.5.2. Code-switching as a Strategy of Stylistic Variation 22
2.5.2.1. The Definition of Code 22
2.5.2.2. The Definition of Code-switching 23
2.5.2.3. Linguistic Aspect of Code-switching 24
2.5.2.4. Functional Aspect of Code-switching 26
2.5.2.4.1. Functions of code-switching 26
2.5.2.4.2. Situational, metaphorical and conversational code-switching. 27
2.5.2.4.3. We Code and They Code 29
2.6. Summary 29

Chapter 3 Methodology 30
3.1. Data Collection 30
3.1.1. Data Sources 30
3.1.2. Sampling 30
3.2. Measurement 31
3.3. Criteria for Data Classification 31
3.3.1. Linguistic Criteria 31
3.3.1.1. Lexical Level 31
1. Semantic density of word 31
2. Formality of words 35
3. Word frequency 40
3.3.1.2. Syntactic Level 41
1. Sentence complexity 41
2. Sentence completeness 43
3. Sentence patterns 44
3.3.2. Functional Criteria 45
3.3.2.1. Discourse Structure 46
3.3.2.1.1. Narrative structure 46
3.3.2.1.2. Conversational structure 50
3.3.2.2. Illocutionary Acts 52
3.3.2.3. Cooperative Principle 54

Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Discussions 59
4.1. SVF by Linguistic Strategies in General 59
4.1.1. SVF by Lexical Devices 60
4.1.1.1. SVF by Shifting Semantic Density of Words 61
4.1.1.2. SVF by Shifting Word Formality 62
4.1.1.3. SVF by Shifting Word Frequency 63
4.1.2. SVF by Syntactic Devices 63
4.1.2.1. SVF by Shifting Sentence Complexity 64
4.1.2.2. SVF by Shifting Sentence Completeness 64
4.1.2.3. SVF by Shifting Sentence Patterns 65
4.2. SVF for Discourse Structure 65
4.2.1. SVF for Narrative Structure 65
4.2.1.1. SVF for Narrative Structure by Lexical Devices 66
4.2.1.1.1. SVF for Narrative Structure by Shifting Semantic Density of Words 67
4.2.1.1.2. SVF for Narrative Structure by Shifting Word Formality 69
4.2.1.1.3. SVF for Narrative Structure by Shifting Word Frequency 71
4.2.1.2. SVF for Narrative Structure by Syntactic Devices 72
4.2.1.2.1. SVF for Narrative Structure by Shifting Sentence Complexity 73
4.2.1.2.2. SVF for Narrative Structure by Shifting Sentence Completeness 74
4.2.1.2.3. SVF for Narrative Structure by Shifting Sentence Patterns 74
4.2.2. SVF for Conversational Structure 75
4.2.2.1. SVF for Conversational Structure by Lexical Devices 76
4.2.2.1.1. SVF for Conversational Structure by Shifting Semantic Density of Words 76
4.2.2.1.2. SVF for Conversational Structure by Shifting Word Formality 78
4.2.2.1.3. SVF for Conversational Structure by Shifting Word Frequency 80
4.2.2.2. SVF for Conversational Structure by Syntactic Devices 81
4.2.2.2.1. SVF for Conversational Structure by Shifting Sentence Complexity 82
4.2.2.2.2. SVF for Conversational Structure by Shifting Sentence Completeness 82
4.2.2.2.3. SVF for Conversational Structure by Shifting Sentence Patterns 83
4.3. SVF for Illocutionary Acts 84
4.3.1. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Lexical Devices 84
4.3.1.1. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Shifting Semantic Density of Words 85
4.3.1.2. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Shifting Word Formality 87
4.3.1.3. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Shifting Word Frequency 89
4.3.2. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Syntactic Devices 90
4.3.2.1. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Shifting Sentence Complexity 90
4.3.2.2. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Shifting Sentence Completeness 91
4.3.2.3. SVF for Illocutionary Acts by Shifting Sentence Patterns 92
4.4. SVF for CP 93
4.4.1. SVF for CP by Lexical Devices 93
4.4.1.1. SVF for CP by Shifting Semantic Density of Words 95
4.4.1.2. SVF for CP by Shifting Word Formality 99
4.4.1.3. SVF for CP by Shifting Word Frequency 103
4.4.2. SVF for CP by Syntactic Devices 105
4.4.2.1. SVF for CP by Shifting Sentence Complexity 107
4.4.2.2. SVF for CP by Shifting Sentence Completeness 109
4.4.2.3. SVF for CP by Shifting Sentence Patterns 111
4.5. SV for Structure of Frame 113

Chapter 5 Conclusion 117
5.1. Summary of the Major Findings 117
5.2 Conclusions 120
5.3. Limitations and Suggestions 120

References 121		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1136314 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0101555010en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 認知框架zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語體變異現象zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 階層性框架zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) frameen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) stylistic variationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) hierarchical structure of frameen_US
dc.title (題名) 以語體變異現象驗證認知框架之存在zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Stylistic Variation as Surface Evidence for Frameen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Abelson, R. P. (1975). Concepts for representing mundane reality in plans. Representation and understanding, 273-309. New York: Academic Press.

Auer, P. (1995). Bilingual Conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bateson, G. (1972). Steps toward an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine.

Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, Codes and Control, Vol. 1: Theoretical Studies towards a Sociology of language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Blom, J. P., & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code-switching in Norway. Directions in sociolinguistics. The ethnographic communication, ed. by J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes, 407-434. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.

Chafe, W. L. (1977). The recall and verbalization of past experience. Current issues in linguistic theory, ed. by R. W. Cole, 215-46. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Fillmore, C. J. (1975). An alternative to checklist theories of meaning. First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 123-131. Berkeley, California: University of California.

Frake, C. (1997). Plying frames can be dangerous: Some reflections on methodological in cognitive anthropology. Quarterly Newsletter of the Institute for Comparative Human Development, Vol. 3, 1-7.

Gal, S. (1979). Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Press.

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Goffman, E. (1981). Footing. Forms of Talk, 124-159. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. Studies in Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts, ed. by P. Cole & J. Morgan, 183-98. New York: Academic Press.

Grosjean, F. (1995). A psycholinguistic approach to code-switching: The recognition of guest words by bilinguals. One speaker, two languages Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching, ed. by L. Milroy & P. Muysken. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Hausenblas, K. (1993). The Position of Style in Verbal Communication. Studies in Functional Stylistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.

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