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題名 中文主題串英譯之研究
A Study on the English Translation of Chinese Topic Chains
作者 康恆銘
Kang, Heng-ming
貢獻者 尤雪瑛
Hsueh-ying Yu
康恆銘
Heng-ming Kang
關鍵詞 翻譯
中譯英
翻譯策略
篇章分析
主題串
篇章標記
篇章關係
translation
C-E translation
translation strategy
discourse analysis
topic chain
discourse marker
textual relationship
日期 2014
上傳時間 1-Jun-2015 10:59:39 (UTC+8)
摘要 中文可說是個篇章導向的語言(discourse-oriented language)，以篇章為其基本單位，數個中文子句不藉連接詞即可連結成主題串(topic chain)。當如此龐大的篇章單位翻譯成主語顯著的英文時，譯者會面臨的困難是，如何將主題串切割成數個英文句子。然而，此議題卻鮮少前人研究。因此，本論文試圖探討中文主題串英譯時的翻譯策略，並著重於斷句的影響因素。分析的語料來自漢英對照版的台灣光華雜誌以及翻譯教科書。為了瞭解翻譯策略，本研究分析中文的語意分段標記與資訊順序，並與譯文比較。分析結果顯示譯者在翻譯時會採用三種策略：反映段落標記(Reflecting the Markers)、建立語句關係(Establishing Textuality)、重整資訊(Rearranging Information)。第一個策略是將中文段落標記作為英譯斷句的依據。段落標記包括三類：主題的形式、連接詞、標點符號。第二個策略，建立語句關係，表示英譯斷句依據中文主題串各句子之間的篇章關係。第三個策略，重整資訊，表示透過增加、刪除、調換順序等方式調整原文的資訊。
Chinese is considered a discourse-oriented language. The basic unit of the Chinese language is discourse-based. Several Chinese clauses can be linked together without any connectives to form a topic chain. When such a large discourse is translated into English, a subject-prominent language, translators may have difficulty deciding how to segment a Chinese topic chain into English sentences. However, little research has been done on this topic. The present study aims to explore translation strategies used in translating Chinese topic chains into English. In particular, the demarcation mechanism will be the focus. Chinese-to-English translation data from Taiwan Panorama, a Chinese-English bilingual magazine, and from translation textbooks are collected for analysis. The demarcation markers and information flow in Chinese are analyzed and compared to understand how they are treated in the English translation. Three strategies have been found: Reflecting the Markers, Establishing Textuality, and Rearranging Information. Reflecting the Markers is to reflect the Chinese boundary markers as English demarcation points. Boundary markers contain nominal references of topic, connectives, and punctuation marks. Establishing Textuality is to organize the Chinese topic chain based on the internal textual relationships. Rearranging Information is to add, delete, or reorder the information.
參考文獻 Cai, G. (1993). Beyond bad writing: Teaching English composition to Chinese ESL students. Paper presented at the College Composition and Communication Conference, San Diego CA.

Chan, T.-P. & Liou, H.-C. (2005). Online verb-noun collocation instruction supported by a bilingual concordancer. 中華民國第十四屆英語文教學國際研討會論文集 [Selected papers from the 14th Int’l symposium on English Teaching] (pp. 270-281). Taipei: Crane.

Chang, J.-S., Wu, J.-C., Shei, W.-C., Chang, Y.-C., & Jian, J.-Y. (2004). The role of natural language processing in computer assisted language learning – project CANDLE 12 months later. Proceedings of ELT and E-learning in an Electronic age: Issues and Alternatives. Taipei: Tamkang University.

Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Chen, P. (1986). Referent introducing and tracking in Chinese narratives. (Doctoral dissertation). UCLA, Los Angeles.

Chen, J.-G. (2010.) 漢語篇章分析與教學應用 [Discourse analysis in Chinese and its application in language pedagogy]. Taipei: New Sharing Publishing Co.

Cheng, D.-A. (1997). 英漢比較與翻譯(最新版) [English and Chinese translation—A comparative study (new edition)]. Taipei: Bookman Books Co.

Chu, C. (1992). 篇章研究與華語教學 [Discourse analysis and teaching Chinese]. 華文世界 [World of Chinese], 64, 40-47.

Chu, C. (1998). A discourse grammar of Mandarin Chinese. New York: P. Lang.

Connor, U. (1996). Contrastive rhetoric: Cross-cultural aspects of second language writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Fathman, A., & Kobayashi, H. (1984). Rhetorical patterns in English and Japanese. TESOL Quarterly, 18 (4), 737-738.

Fraser, B. (1999). What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics, 31 (7), 931-952.

Givón, T. (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Givón, T. (1984). Syntax: A functional-typological introduction (Volume II), Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Halliday, M., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.

Ho, Y. (1993). Aspects of discourse structure in Mandarin Chinese. Lewiston, NY: Mellen University Press.

Hockett, C. (1958). A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan.

Huang, B.-J. (1988). 譯藝談 [On art of translation]. Taipei: Bookman.

Huang, Y. (Ed.). (2007). 英汉语言文化比较 [The English and Chinese comparison of culture and language]. Shaanxi: Northwestern Polytechnical University.

Jiang, W.-X. (2012). 汉语主题句的英译探究 [On Chinese topic sentence in C-E translation]. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ocean University of China, Qingdao.

Kaplan, R. B. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Language Learning, 16, 1-20.

Kwan, Z. (1997). Connectivity in Chinese-English interpretation. Studies of Interpretation and Translation, 2, 75-89.

Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Li, C. I. (1985). Participant anaphora in mandarin Chinese. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Florida: Florida.

Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1976). Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Li, C. N. (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 457-489). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Li, W. (2005). Topic chains in Chinese: A discourse analysis and applications in language teaching. Munich: LINCOM Europa.

Liao, B.-S. (2011). 翻譯教學實務指引：從15份專業教案開始 [Practical guideline for teaching translation: From fifteen professional teaching plans]. Taipei: Jong Wen.

Liao, B.-S., Ou, G.-Y., Li, T.-Y., Wu, S.-Y., Chen, Y.-L., Zhang, S.-T.,...Liu, Y.-L. (2003). 英中筆譯1：基礎翻譯理論與技巧 [English-Chinese translation 1: basic theories and methods]. Taipei: Jong Wen.

Lin, C.-C., Chen, H.-J., Liaw, M.-L., Liou, H.-C., & Yeh, Y.-L. (2005). Teachers’ reflections on infusing the CANDLE project into college English classes. English Teaching & Learning, 29(4), 39-64.

Lin, F.-Y. (2002). Preferred structures in Chinese-English translation. (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Changhua University of Education, Changhua.

Liou, H.-C. & Chang, J.-S. (2005). Two E-learning projects for quality of higher education in Taiwan ROC: Corpus-based general and academic English learning environments. Proceedings of the third Association of East Asian Research Universities (AEARU) Workshop on Network Education (pp. 30-45). Seoul: Seoul National University.

Liu, M.-Q. (1993). 當代翻譯理論 [Present-day translation studies]. Taipei: Bookman Books Co.

Matalene, C. (1985). Contrastive rhetoric: An American writing teacher in China. College English, 47(8), 789-808.

Naimushin, B. (2002). Translation in foreign language teaching: The fifth skill. Modern English Teacher, 11(4), 46-49.

National Languages Committee. (2008). 《重訂標點符號手冊》修訂版 [Manual of Punctuation Marks (Revision)]. Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw/files/site_content/M0001/hau/f2.html

Newmark, P. (1991). About translation. Bistol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Pang, W.-G. (1997). 汉英语对比纲要 [An outline of Chinese-English contrastive study]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.

Qin, Y.-W. (1998). Narrative structure in spoken Mandarin—A preliminary study. (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.

Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shen, S.-R. (2000). 論信達雅：嚴復翻譯理論研究 [On xin, da, ya: Study of Yanfu translation theory]. Taipei: The Commercial Press.

Shi, D. (1989). Topic chain as a syntactic category in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 17, 223-261.

Si, G. (1982). 翻譯新究 [New perspectives in translation]. Taipei: Da Di Press.

Tsao, F.-F. (1979). A functional study of topic in Chinese: The first step towards discourse analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co.

Tsao, F.-F. (1990). Sentence and clause structure in Chinese: A functional perspective. Taipei: Student Book Co.

Wang, G.-Z. (1996). 主题、主位与汉语句子主题的英译 [Topic, Theme and the English translation of Chinese topic]. 現代漢語 [Modern Foreign Languages] 74(4), 46-51.

Wang, J. (2013). 论话题的延续:基于话题链的汉英篇章研究 [On topic continuity: A discourse study based on Chinese and English topic chain]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press.

Wu, Q. (2009). 中英翻譯: 對比分析法(修訂版) [Chinese-English translation through contrastive analysis (revision)]. Taipei: Crane.

Xu, Y.-L. (2010). 对比语言学 [Contrastive Linguistics]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Yang, F.-N. (2006). 英汉语言比较与翻译 [Contrastive studies & translation of English and Chinese]. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press.

Yu, H.-Y. (1990). Connectives in Chinese narrative discourse. (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Chengchi University, Taipei.

Yu, H.-Y. (2007). Discourse grammar for academic reading: textual relationships. English Teaching & Learning, 31(2), 159-197.

Yu, J.-W. (2010). The use of English adverbial clauses in Taiwanese senior high school students’ writing. (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Chengchi University, Taipei.

Zhang, D.-C. (1979). 翻譯之原理與技巧 [The principles and techniques of translation]. Taipei: Kuo Chia.

Zhang, O. (2006). 汉语狭义话题结构的英译 [On the English translation of marked Chinese topic structures]. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai.

Zhang, P.-J., Yu, Y.-G., Li, T.-C., & Pong, M.-Y. (1993).英漢翻譯教程 [Practical translation: An introductory coursebook]. Taipei: Bookman Books Co.

Zhou, Z.-X. (1996). 翻譯初階 [Introduction to translation]. Taipei: Bookman Books Co.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
99555008
103
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0995550081
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 尤雪瑛zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsueh-ying Yuen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 康恆銘zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Heng-ming Kangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 康恆銘zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Kang, Heng-mingen_US
dc.date (日期) 2014en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Jun-2015 10:59:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Jun-2015 10:59:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jun-2015 10:59:39 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0995550081en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/75389-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99555008zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 103zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 中文可說是個篇章導向的語言(discourse-oriented language)，以篇章為其基本單位，數個中文子句不藉連接詞即可連結成主題串(topic chain)。當如此龐大的篇章單位翻譯成主語顯著的英文時，譯者會面臨的困難是，如何將主題串切割成數個英文句子。然而，此議題卻鮮少前人研究。因此，本論文試圖探討中文主題串英譯時的翻譯策略，並著重於斷句的影響因素。分析的語料來自漢英對照版的台灣光華雜誌以及翻譯教科書。為了瞭解翻譯策略，本研究分析中文的語意分段標記與資訊順序，並與譯文比較。分析結果顯示譯者在翻譯時會採用三種策略：反映段落標記(Reflecting the Markers)、建立語句關係(Establishing Textuality)、重整資訊(Rearranging Information)。第一個策略是將中文段落標記作為英譯斷句的依據。段落標記包括三類：主題的形式、連接詞、標點符號。第二個策略，建立語句關係，表示英譯斷句依據中文主題串各句子之間的篇章關係。第三個策略，重整資訊，表示透過增加、刪除、調換順序等方式調整原文的資訊。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Chinese is considered a discourse-oriented language. The basic unit of the Chinese language is discourse-based. Several Chinese clauses can be linked together without any connectives to form a topic chain. When such a large discourse is translated into English, a subject-prominent language, translators may have difficulty deciding how to segment a Chinese topic chain into English sentences. However, little research has been done on this topic. The present study aims to explore translation strategies used in translating Chinese topic chains into English. In particular, the demarcation mechanism will be the focus. Chinese-to-English translation data from Taiwan Panorama, a Chinese-English bilingual magazine, and from translation textbooks are collected for analysis. The demarcation markers and information flow in Chinese are analyzed and compared to understand how they are treated in the English translation. Three strategies have been found: Reflecting the Markers, Establishing Textuality, and Rearranging Information. Reflecting the Markers is to reflect the Chinese boundary markers as English demarcation points. Boundary markers contain nominal references of topic, connectives, and punctuation marks. Establishing Textuality is to organize the Chinese topic chain based on the internal textual relationships. Rearranging Information is to add, delete, or reorder the information.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledge vi
Chinese Abstract vii
English Abstract viii
Table of Contents ix
List of Tables xi

Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Purpose of the Study 4
1.3 Organization 5

Chapter Two Literature Review 6
2.1 Subject and Topic 6
2.2 Topic Chain 12
2.3 Translation Studies 20
2.3.1 Translation strategies 21
2.3.2 Contrastive analysis 23
2.3.3 Translation studies of
Chinese topic and topic chain 25
2.4 Discourse Segmentation 28
2.4.1 Discourse markers 29
2.4.2 Referent forms 32
2.4.3 Chinese punctuation system 33
2.5 Summary 35

Chapter Three Methodology 36
3.1 Data Collection 36
3.2 Definition of Topic Chain 38
3.3 Preliminary Analysis 39
3.4 Analysis Procedure 42

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 50
4.1 General Description of the Data 50
4.1.1 Types of topic chains 50
4.1.2 Numbers of units in topic chains 58
4.2 Translation Strategies of Topic Chains 60
4.2.1 Overall frequencies of the three strategies 61
4.2.2 The first strategy: Reflecting the Markers 64
4.2.3 The second strategy: Establishing Textuality 76
4.2.4 The third strategy: Rearranging Information 84
4.3 Summary 93

Chapter Five Conclusion 95
5.1 Summary of the Present Study 95
5.2 Pedagogical Implications 96
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research 99
References 100
Appendix I 107		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 1022572 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0995550081en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 翻譯zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 中譯英zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 翻譯策略zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 篇章分析zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 主題串zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 篇章標記zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 篇章關係zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) translationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) C-E translationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) translation strategyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) discourse analysisen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) topic chainen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) discourse markeren_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) textual relationshipen_US
dc.title (題名) 中文主題串英譯之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) A Study on the English Translation of Chinese Topic Chainsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cai, G. (1993). Beyond bad writing: Teaching English composition to Chinese ESL students. Paper presented at the College Composition and Communication Conference, San Diego CA.

Chan, T.-P. & Liou, H.-C. (2005). Online verb-noun collocation instruction supported by a bilingual concordancer. 中華民國第十四屆英語文教學國際研討會論文集 [Selected papers from the 14th Int’l symposium on English Teaching] (pp. 270-281). Taipei: Crane.

Chang, J.-S., Wu, J.-C., Shei, W.-C., Chang, Y.-C., & Jian, J.-Y. (2004). The role of natural language processing in computer assisted language learning – project CANDLE 12 months later. Proceedings of ELT and E-learning in an Electronic age: Issues and Alternatives. Taipei: Tamkang University.

Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Chen, P. (1986). Referent introducing and tracking in Chinese narratives. (Doctoral dissertation). UCLA, Los Angeles.

Chen, J.-G. (2010.) 漢語篇章分析與教學應用 [Discourse analysis in Chinese and its application in language pedagogy]. Taipei: New Sharing Publishing Co.

Cheng, D.-A. (1997). 英漢比較與翻譯(最新版) [English and Chinese translation—A comparative study (new edition)]. Taipei: Bookman Books Co.

Chu, C. (1992). 篇章研究與華語教學 [Discourse analysis and teaching Chinese]. 華文世界 [World of Chinese], 64, 40-47.

Chu, C. (1998). A discourse grammar of Mandarin Chinese. New York: P. Lang.

Connor, U. (1996). Contrastive rhetoric: Cross-cultural aspects of second language writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Fathman, A., & Kobayashi, H. (1984). Rhetorical patterns in English and Japanese. TESOL Quarterly, 18 (4), 737-738.

Fraser, B. (1999). What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics, 31 (7), 931-952.

Givón, T. (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Givón, T. (1984). Syntax: A functional-typological introduction (Volume II), Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Halliday, M., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.

Ho, Y. (1993). Aspects of discourse structure in Mandarin Chinese. Lewiston, NY: Mellen University Press.

Hockett, C. (1958). A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan.

Huang, B.-J. (1988). 譯藝談 [On art of translation]. Taipei: Bookman.

Huang, Y. (Ed.). (2007). 英汉语言文化比较 [The English and Chinese comparison of culture and language]. Shaanxi: Northwestern Polytechnical University.

Jiang, W.-X. (2012). 汉语主题句的英译探究 [On Chinese topic sentence in C-E translation]. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ocean University of China, Qingdao.

Kaplan, R. B. (1966). Cultural thought patterns in intercultural education. Language Learning, 16, 1-20.

Kwan, Z. (1997). Connectivity in Chinese-English interpretation. Studies of Interpretation and Translation, 2, 75-89.

Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Li, C. I. (1985). Participant anaphora in mandarin Chinese. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Florida: Florida.

Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1976). Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Li, C. N. (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 457-489). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Li, W. (2005). Topic chains in Chinese: A discourse analysis and applications in language teaching. Munich: LINCOM Europa.

Liao, B.-S. (2011). 翻譯教學實務指引：從15份專業教案開始 [Practical guideline for teaching translation: From fifteen professional teaching plans]. Taipei: Jong Wen.

Liao, B.-S., Ou, G.-Y., Li, T.-Y., Wu, S.-Y., Chen, Y.-L., Zhang, S.-T.,...Liu, Y.-L. (2003). 英中筆譯1：基礎翻譯理論與技巧 [English-Chinese translation 1: basic theories and methods]. Taipei: Jong Wen.

Lin, C.-C., Chen, H.-J., Liaw, M.-L., Liou, H.-C., & Yeh, Y.-L. (2005). Teachers’ reflections on infusing the CANDLE project into college English classes. English Teaching & Learning, 29(4), 39-64.

Lin, F.-Y. (2002). Preferred structures in Chinese-English translation. (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Changhua University of Education, Changhua.

Liou, H.-C. & Chang, J.-S. (2005). Two E-learning projects for quality of higher education in Taiwan ROC: Corpus-based general and academic English learning environments. Proceedings of the third Association of East Asian Research Universities (AEARU) Workshop on Network Education (pp. 30-45). Seoul: Seoul National University.

Liu, M.-Q. (1993). 當代翻譯理論 [Present-day translation studies]. Taipei: Bookman Books Co.

Matalene, C. (1985). Contrastive rhetoric: An American writing teacher in China. College English, 47(8), 789-808.

Naimushin, B. (2002). Translation in foreign language teaching: The fifth skill. Modern English Teacher, 11(4), 46-49.

National Languages Committee. (2008). 《重訂標點符號手冊》修訂版 [Manual of Punctuation Marks (Revision)]. Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw/files/site_content/M0001/hau/f2.html

Newmark, P. (1991). About translation. Bistol, UK: Multilingual Matters.

Pang, W.-G. (1997). 汉英语对比纲要 [An outline of Chinese-English contrastive study]. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.

Qin, Y.-W. (1998). Narrative structure in spoken Mandarin—A preliminary study. (Unpublished master’s thesis). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.

Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shen, S.-R. (2000). 論信達雅：嚴復翻譯理論研究 [On xin, da, ya: Study of Yanfu translation theory]. Taipei: The Commercial Press.

Shi, D. (1989). Topic chain as a syntactic category in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 17, 223-261.

Si, G. (1982). 翻譯新究 [New perspectives in translation]. Taipei: Da Di Press.

Tsao, F.-F. (1979). A functional study of topic in Chinese: The first step towards discourse analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co.

Tsao, F.-F. (1990). Sentence and clause structure in Chinese: A functional perspective. Taipei: Student Book Co.

Wang, G.-Z. (1996). 主题、主位与汉语句子主题的英译 [Topic, Theme and the English translation of Chinese topic]. 現代漢語 [Modern Foreign Languages] 74(4), 46-51.

Wang, J. (2013). 论话题的延续:基于话题链的汉英篇章研究 [On topic continuity: A discourse study based on Chinese and English topic chain]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press.

Wu, Q. (2009). 中英翻譯: 對比分析法(修訂版) [Chinese-English translation through contrastive analysis (revision)]. Taipei: Crane.

Xu, Y.-L. (2010). 对比语言学 [Contrastive Linguistics]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Yang, F.-N. (2006). 英汉语言比较与翻译 [Contrastive studies & translation of English and Chinese]. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press.

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