學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 再見人類:蓋瑞 • 羅伯茲《人類唯一》中的人類流動性
Re-visioning Human: Human Fluidity in Gareth Roberts’ Only Human
作者 鍾錦樑
Chung, Chin Liang
貢獻者 羅狼仁
Brian David Phillips
鍾錦樑
Chung, Chin Liang
關鍵詞 《神秘博士》
《人類唯一》
超人類主義
後人類主義
人類流動性
適應性
基因工程
人類演化
Doctor Who
Only Human
transhumanism
posthumanism
human fluidity
adaptability
genetic engineering
human evolution
日期 2015
上傳時間 3-Aug-2015 13:10:25 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文以超人類主義來檢視人類發展,並提出人類本性在與環境互動下呈現流動狀態。科幻小說經常在處理人、科技以及世界之間的關係,然而近年科幻小說在情節設計上有時會過度偏重科技層面,蓋瑞•羅伯茲的《人類唯一》將焦點轉回探索人類如何因應環境的改變。本論文也賦予超人類主義新的思考方向,讓理論不再只是強調人與機器的結合過程,而小說中所展現的流動人性將以「人類流動性」來指稱,這種流動性是肇因於人類彼此與這世界的互動結果。羅伯茲利用不時轉換敘事者的技巧,創造了一個多元且混雜的世界,人們看待世界的角度也互不相同。故事中的反派香朵為了超越人類極限,利用控制身體化學反應及基因工程來改良並創造出混雜的物種,而基因工程也因為欲望驅使干擾了天擇過程,可能阻礙物種面對環境不斷變化的適應性。然而,人類本身擁有一種求生機制可以因應環境改變而調整社會行為,透過「人類流動性」的檢視,超人類過程不再侷限於人與科技的結合,而是人與環境不斷互動的過程。
This thesis seeks to explore human development through transhumanism and examine human nature as a fluid idea which results from constant interactions with the environments. Science fiction is often about the relationship between humans, technology and the world; however, the stories sometimes over-emphasize the technological aspects. Gareth Roberts’ Only Human draws the attention back to the exploration on how humans respond to these environmental changes. This thesis provides a different perspective toward the idea of transhumanism which originally emphasizes the merging process between humans and machines. The flowing concept of human nature in the novel is described as “human fluidity” which results from the interactions and the relationships with the others and the world. Through the technique of shifting narrations, Roberts creates a diverse and hybrid world where everyone perceives the world differently. In order to surpass human limitations, the antagonist Chantal creates modified and hybrid beings by manipulating chemical reactions and genes. Genetic engineering disturbs the process of natural selection by purposely selecting desired traits which may impede the adaptability toward changing environments. Nevertheless, humans have a survival mechanism which can help them to adapt to changes by altering their social behaviors. Through the examination of human fluidity, transhuman process is more than the combination between humans and technology; it is a continuing interaction between humans and the environment.
參考文獻 Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998.
Anders, Charlie Jane. “10 Totally Different TV Shows That Doctor Who Has Been Over the Years.” Io9. N.p., 23 Aug. 2011. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.
Boyle, Alan. “Sputnik Started Space Race, Anxiety.” Msnbc.com. NBC, 3 June 2003. Web. 19 May 2015.
Charles, Alec. “The Crack of Doom: The Uncanny Echoes of Steven Moffat`s Doctor Who.” Science Fiction Film & Television 4.1 (2011): 1-24. Web. 2 Feb. 2014.
Chen, Ken. “The Lovely Smallness of Doctor Who.” Film International 6.2 (2008): 52-59. Print.
Chown, Marcus. “Is Science Fiction Dying?” New Scientist 200.2682 (2008): 46-49. Web. 17 Oct. 2014.
Clynes, Manfred E., and Nathan S. Kline. “Cyborgs and Space.” Astronautics (1960): n. pag. The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 1997. Web. 08 June 2015.
Cocchi, Renée, Sam Narisi, and Jess White. “Medical Technology.” Healthcare
Business & Technology. N.p., 23 Dec. 2011. Web. 17 Jan. 2015.
Cornell, Paul, and Louis Savy. “Science Fiction Films ‘Lack New Ideas’” Interview by John Humphrys and Justin Webb. Today. BBC Radio 4. 5 Feb. 2014. Radio.
Daly, Bernard M. “Transhumanism: Toward a Brave New World?” America 191.12 (2004): 18-20. Print.

Dawes, Milton. “What Makes Us Human?” ETC: A Review of General Semantics 51.3 (1994): 276-83. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.
“Deep Breath.” Doctor Who. BBC. 23 Aug. 2014. Television.
Devlin, Hannah. “Study Shows Humans Are Evolving Faster Than Previously Thought.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 25 Mar. 2015. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.
Dillow, Clay. “Will People Alive Today Have the Opportunity to Upload Their Consciousness to a New Robotic Body?” Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation, 3 Mar. 2012. Web. 12 May 2015.
Dixit, Priya. “Relating to Difference: Aliens and Alienness in Doctor Who and International Relations.” International Studies Perspectives 13.3 (2012): 289-306. Print.
Doctorow, Cory. “Cory Doctorow: Techno-optimism.” Locus Online. Locus Publications, 2 May 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
Elliott, Tony. “Parts Developed in an Unusual Manner.” Orphan Black. BBC America. 11 May 2013. Television.
Experiments in the Revival of Organisms. Dir. D.I. Yashin. Techfilm Studio, 1940. YouTube. 29 June 2011. Web. 20 May 2015.
Fenton, Elizabeth. “Liberal Eugenics & Human Nature: Against Habermas.” Hastings Center Report 36.6 (2006): 35-42. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.
Foucault, Michel. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France, 1978-1979. Trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print.
Futuyma, Douglas J. Evolutionary Biology. 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1998. Print.
Gatiss, Mark. An Adventure in Space and Time. BBC Two. 21 Nov. 2013. Television.
Gee, Henry. The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2013. Print.
Gibson, William. Interview by Geeta Dayal. WIRED. Condé Nast, 13 Sept. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2015. .
Gordon, Anne. “Are We Being Conditioned to Accept ‘Transhumanism’ as Evolution?” GreenMedInfo. GreenMedInfo.com, 31 July 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
Gunn, James. “Science Fiction around the World.” World Literature Today 84.3 (2010): 27-29. EBSCOhost. Web. 3 Feb. 2014.
Gurche, John. Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins. London: Yale UP, 2013. Print.
Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Become Posthuman. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print.
-------. “An Interview/dialogue with Albert Borgmann and N. Katherine Hayles on Humans and Machines.” Interview. The University of Chicago Press. The U. of Chicago Press, 1999. Web. 26 June 2013.
Herzfeld, Noreen. “Human and Artificial Intelligence: A Theological Response.” Human Identity at the Intersection of Science, Technology and Religion. Ed. Nancey C. Murphy and Christopher C. Knight. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. 117-30. Print.
Hewlett, Martinez. “What Does It Mean to Be Human? Genetics and Human Identity.” Human Identity at the Intersection of Science, Technology and Religion. Ed. Nancey C. Murphy and Christopher C. Knight. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. 147-64. Print.
Hills, Matt. “The Dispersible Television Text: Theorising Moments of the New Doctor Who.” Science Fiction Film & Television 1.1 (2008): 25-44. Print.
Ilis, Florina. “The Science Fiction Phenomenon and the Faces of Time.” Philobiblon: Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities 15 (2010): 143-60. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
Jensen, Steven J. “The Roots of Transhumanism.” Nova et Vetera 12.2 (2014): 515-41. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.
Jones, Phil. “What Makes Us Human?” New Statesman 142.5155 (2013): 25. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.
Joyner, Alfred. “Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Special Review – The Day of the Doctor.” International Business Times RSS. IBTimes, 24 Nov. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
Lacan, Jacques. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalysis Experience.” The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism. 2nd ed. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. London: Norton, 2010. 1166. Print.
Lanphier, Edward, Fyodor Urnov, Sarah Ehlen Haecker, Michael Werner, and Joanna Smolenski. “Don’t Edit the Human Germ Line.” Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, 12 Mar. 2015. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.
Lewis-Hasteley, Helen. “Leave Doctor Who to the Kids.” New Statesman 140.5053 (2011): 13. Print.
Miller, Sonia E. “Human, Transhuman, Posthuman: What`s the Difference and Who Cares?” Futures Research Quarterly 20.2 (2004): 61-67. Print.
Misra, Ria. “The Greatest Science Fiction Inventions That We Hope Never Become Real.” Io9. N.p., 2 Mar. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2015.
Moffat, Steven. “The Eleventh Hour.” Doctor Who. BBC. 3 Apr. 2010. Television.
Morales, Nestor Micheli. “Psychological and Ideological Aspects of Human Cloning: A Transition to a Transhumanist Psychology.” Journal of Evolution and Technology 20.2 (2009): 19-42. EBSCOhost. Web. 1 July 2013.
Morelle, Rebecca. “Anthropocene: New Dates Proposed for the ‘Age of Man’” BBC News. BBC, 11 Mar. 2015. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.
“New Earth.” Doctor Who. BBC. 15 Apr. 2006. Television.
O`Neill, Phelim. “Continuum – Box Set Review.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 1 Feb. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
Oren, Josh. “Doctor Who: Sci Fi or Fantasy?” Doctor Who TV. Doctor Who TV, 17 May 2012. Web. 20 June 2013.
Ovid. “Book XV.” Metamorphoses. Trans. Anthony S. Kline. Virginia: University of Virginia E-Text Center, 2000. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
Pepperell, Robert. “Posthumans and Extended Experience.” Journal of Evolution and Technology 1.14 (2005): 27-41. Web. 1 July 2013.
Rehmann-Sutter, Christoph. “Hubris and Hybrids in the Myth of Frankenstein.” Genes and Morality: New Essays. Ed. Veikko Launis, Juhani Pietarinen, and Juha Raikka. Atlanta: Rodopi, 1999. 157-73. Print.
Roberts, Adam. The History of Science Fiction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Print.
Roberts, Gareth. Only Human. London: BBC, 2013. Print.
-------. “Gareth Roberts.” Interview. Quench Nov. 2013: 62-63. Print.
Roddenberry, Gene, prod. Star Trek. CBS Television Distribution. 8 Sept. 1966. Television.
Rustin, Margaret, and Michael Rustin. “The Regeneration of Doctor Who.” The Story and the Self. Children’s Literature: Some Psychoanalytic Perspectives 2 (2008): 142-59. Print.
Sagoff, Mark. “Nature and Human Nature.” Is Human Nature Obsolete?: Genetics, Bioengineering, and the Future of the Human Condition. Ed. Harold W. Baillie and Timothy Casey. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2005. 67-98. Print.
Scott, Cavan, and Mark Wright. Who-ology: the Official Miscellany. London: BBC Books, 2013. Print.
Seed, David. Science Fiction: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.
Shakeel, Jennifer. “Theory of Social Evolution.” EHow. Demand Media, 4 Sept. 2009. Web. 24 May 2015.
Smith, Wesley J. “The Trouble with Transhumanism.” The Center for Bioethics and Culture Network. CBC, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
Switek, Brian. “Much Earlier Split for Neanderthals, Humans?” National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 21 Oct. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
Szalay, Jessie. “Neanderthals: Facts About Our Extinct Human Relatives.” LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 19 Mar. 2013. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.
Thomas, Richard. “Doctor Who and Transhumanism.” Sci-Fi Worlds. N.p., 30 June 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
Thomson, Helen. “First Human Head Transplant Could Happen in Two Years.” New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd, 25 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2015.
Tolkien, J. R. R. “On Fairy-Stories.” The Tolkien Reader. New York: Ballantine, 1966. 33-90. Print.
Ust, Daniel. “What is Posthumanism?” 1996. Web. 3 June 2013. .
Vita-More, Natasha. “An Introduction to Transhumanity.” Issues 98 (2012): 35-36. Print.
Wade, Nicholas. “Your Body Is Younger Than You Think.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 01 Aug. 2005. Web. 04 Apr. 2015.
Walker, Shaun. “Krokodil: The Drug That Eats Junkies.” The Independent. Independent Print Limited, 22 June 2011. Web. 21 May 2015.
Waters, Brent. “From Human to Posthuman: Theology and Technology.” Human Identity at the Intersection of Science, Technology and Religion. Ed. Nancey C. Murphy and Christopher C. Knight. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. 197-214. Print.
Webb, Caroline. “The Information Bingers.” Interview by Antony Funnell. Future Tense. ABC RN. Sydney, Australia, 12 Feb. 2012. Radio. Transcript.
Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. Virginia: University of Virginia E-Text Center, 1999. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
Wilson, Sherry. “Point of View in Literature.” The Writer`s Craft. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2015.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
100551006
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100551006
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 羅狼仁zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Brian David Phillipsen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 鍾錦樑zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Chung, Chin Liangen_US
dc.creator (作者) 鍾錦樑zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Chung, Chin Liangen_US
dc.date (日期) 2015en_US
dc.date.accessioned 3-Aug-2015 13:10:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 3-Aug-2015 13:10:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 3-Aug-2015 13:10:25 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0100551006en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/77110-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 英國語文學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 100551006zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文以超人類主義來檢視人類發展,並提出人類本性在與環境互動下呈現流動狀態。科幻小說經常在處理人、科技以及世界之間的關係,然而近年科幻小說在情節設計上有時會過度偏重科技層面,蓋瑞•羅伯茲的《人類唯一》將焦點轉回探索人類如何因應環境的改變。本論文也賦予超人類主義新的思考方向,讓理論不再只是強調人與機器的結合過程,而小說中所展現的流動人性將以「人類流動性」來指稱,這種流動性是肇因於人類彼此與這世界的互動結果。羅伯茲利用不時轉換敘事者的技巧,創造了一個多元且混雜的世界,人們看待世界的角度也互不相同。故事中的反派香朵為了超越人類極限,利用控制身體化學反應及基因工程來改良並創造出混雜的物種,而基因工程也因為欲望驅使干擾了天擇過程,可能阻礙物種面對環境不斷變化的適應性。然而,人類本身擁有一種求生機制可以因應環境改變而調整社會行為,透過「人類流動性」的檢視,超人類過程不再侷限於人與科技的結合,而是人與環境不斷互動的過程。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis seeks to explore human development through transhumanism and examine human nature as a fluid idea which results from constant interactions with the environments. Science fiction is often about the relationship between humans, technology and the world; however, the stories sometimes over-emphasize the technological aspects. Gareth Roberts’ Only Human draws the attention back to the exploration on how humans respond to these environmental changes. This thesis provides a different perspective toward the idea of transhumanism which originally emphasizes the merging process between humans and machines. The flowing concept of human nature in the novel is described as “human fluidity” which results from the interactions and the relationships with the others and the world. Through the technique of shifting narrations, Roberts creates a diverse and hybrid world where everyone perceives the world differently. In order to surpass human limitations, the antagonist Chantal creates modified and hybrid beings by manipulating chemical reactions and genes. Genetic engineering disturbs the process of natural selection by purposely selecting desired traits which may impede the adaptability toward changing environments. Nevertheless, humans have a survival mechanism which can help them to adapt to changes by altering their social behaviors. Through the examination of human fluidity, transhuman process is more than the combination between humans and technology; it is a continuing interaction between humans and the environment.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements iii
Chinese Abstract vii
English Abstract ix
Chapter
1. Introduction 1
Only Human and Doctor Who 5
Previous Critical Reviews of Doctor Who 7
Chapter Organization 11
2. Infinity of Science Fiction: Limitation and Illumination of Possible Futures 15
Development of Science Fiction 15
Limitation of Science Fiction 21
3. Transhuman Dilemma: Metamorphosis of Humanity 25
Definition of Human 26
Transhumanism and its Dilemma 30
Fluidity of Transhumanism 35
4. Time and Space: Narrative Structure and the Fluidity of Human Nature 41
Narrative Structure 42
Diverse Tribes 49
Segregation and Cultural Blending 52
5. Evolution and Manipulation: Multi-directional Transformation and the Fluidity of Human Body 59
Genetic Engineering 61
Evolution and Survival Mechanism 71
6. Conclusion 81
Works Cited 87
zh_TW
dc.format.extent 986561 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100551006en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 《神秘博士》zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 《人類唯一》zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 超人類主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 後人類主義zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人類流動性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 適應性zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 基因工程zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人類演化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Doctor Whoen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Only Humanen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) transhumanismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) posthumanismen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) human fluidityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) adaptabilityen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) genetic engineeringen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) human evolutionen_US
dc.title (題名) 再見人類:蓋瑞 • 羅伯茲《人類唯一》中的人類流動性zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Re-visioning Human: Human Fluidity in Gareth Roberts’ Only Humanen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1998.
Anders, Charlie Jane. “10 Totally Different TV Shows That Doctor Who Has Been Over the Years.” Io9. N.p., 23 Aug. 2011. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.
Boyle, Alan. “Sputnik Started Space Race, Anxiety.” Msnbc.com. NBC, 3 June 2003. Web. 19 May 2015.
Charles, Alec. “The Crack of Doom: The Uncanny Echoes of Steven Moffat`s Doctor Who.” Science Fiction Film & Television 4.1 (2011): 1-24. Web. 2 Feb. 2014.
Chen, Ken. “The Lovely Smallness of Doctor Who.” Film International 6.2 (2008): 52-59. Print.
Chown, Marcus. “Is Science Fiction Dying?” New Scientist 200.2682 (2008): 46-49. Web. 17 Oct. 2014.
Clynes, Manfred E., and Nathan S. Kline. “Cyborgs and Space.” Astronautics (1960): n. pag. The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 1997. Web. 08 June 2015.
Cocchi, Renée, Sam Narisi, and Jess White. “Medical Technology.” Healthcare
Business & Technology. N.p., 23 Dec. 2011. Web. 17 Jan. 2015.
Cornell, Paul, and Louis Savy. “Science Fiction Films ‘Lack New Ideas’” Interview by John Humphrys and Justin Webb. Today. BBC Radio 4. 5 Feb. 2014. Radio.
Daly, Bernard M. “Transhumanism: Toward a Brave New World?” America 191.12 (2004): 18-20. Print.

Dawes, Milton. “What Makes Us Human?” ETC: A Review of General Semantics 51.3 (1994): 276-83. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.
“Deep Breath.” Doctor Who. BBC. 23 Aug. 2014. Television.
Devlin, Hannah. “Study Shows Humans Are Evolving Faster Than Previously Thought.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 25 Mar. 2015. Web. 28 Mar. 2015.
Dillow, Clay. “Will People Alive Today Have the Opportunity to Upload Their Consciousness to a New Robotic Body?” Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation, 3 Mar. 2012. Web. 12 May 2015.
Dixit, Priya. “Relating to Difference: Aliens and Alienness in Doctor Who and International Relations.” International Studies Perspectives 13.3 (2012): 289-306. Print.
Doctorow, Cory. “Cory Doctorow: Techno-optimism.” Locus Online. Locus Publications, 2 May 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2014.
Elliott, Tony. “Parts Developed in an Unusual Manner.” Orphan Black. BBC America. 11 May 2013. Television.
Experiments in the Revival of Organisms. Dir. D.I. Yashin. Techfilm Studio, 1940. YouTube. 29 June 2011. Web. 20 May 2015.
Fenton, Elizabeth. “Liberal Eugenics & Human Nature: Against Habermas.” Hastings Center Report 36.6 (2006): 35-42. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.
Foucault, Michel. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France, 1978-1979. Trans. Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print.
Futuyma, Douglas J. Evolutionary Biology. 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1998. Print.
Gatiss, Mark. An Adventure in Space and Time. BBC Two. 21 Nov. 2013. Television.
Gee, Henry. The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2013. Print.
Gibson, William. Interview by Geeta Dayal. WIRED. Condé Nast, 13 Sept. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2015. .
Gordon, Anne. “Are We Being Conditioned to Accept ‘Transhumanism’ as Evolution?” GreenMedInfo. GreenMedInfo.com, 31 July 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
Gunn, James. “Science Fiction around the World.” World Literature Today 84.3 (2010): 27-29. EBSCOhost. Web. 3 Feb. 2014.
Gurche, John. Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins. London: Yale UP, 2013. Print.
Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Become Posthuman. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print.
-------. “An Interview/dialogue with Albert Borgmann and N. Katherine Hayles on Humans and Machines.” Interview. The University of Chicago Press. The U. of Chicago Press, 1999. Web. 26 June 2013.
Herzfeld, Noreen. “Human and Artificial Intelligence: A Theological Response.” Human Identity at the Intersection of Science, Technology and Religion. Ed. Nancey C. Murphy and Christopher C. Knight. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. 117-30. Print.
Hewlett, Martinez. “What Does It Mean to Be Human? Genetics and Human Identity.” Human Identity at the Intersection of Science, Technology and Religion. Ed. Nancey C. Murphy and Christopher C. Knight. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. 147-64. Print.
Hills, Matt. “The Dispersible Television Text: Theorising Moments of the New Doctor Who.” Science Fiction Film & Television 1.1 (2008): 25-44. Print.
Ilis, Florina. “The Science Fiction Phenomenon and the Faces of Time.” Philobiblon: Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities 15 (2010): 143-60. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
Jensen, Steven J. “The Roots of Transhumanism.” Nova et Vetera 12.2 (2014): 515-41. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.
Jones, Phil. “What Makes Us Human?” New Statesman 142.5155 (2013): 25. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.
Joyner, Alfred. “Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Special Review – The Day of the Doctor.” International Business Times RSS. IBTimes, 24 Nov. 2013. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
Lacan, Jacques. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalysis Experience.” The Norton Anthology of Theory & Criticism. 2nd ed. Ed. Vincent B. Leitch. London: Norton, 2010. 1166. Print.
Lanphier, Edward, Fyodor Urnov, Sarah Ehlen Haecker, Michael Werner, and Joanna Smolenski. “Don’t Edit the Human Germ Line.” Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, 12 Mar. 2015. Web. 9 Apr. 2015.
Lewis-Hasteley, Helen. “Leave Doctor Who to the Kids.” New Statesman 140.5053 (2011): 13. Print.
Miller, Sonia E. “Human, Transhuman, Posthuman: What`s the Difference and Who Cares?” Futures Research Quarterly 20.2 (2004): 61-67. Print.
Misra, Ria. “The Greatest Science Fiction Inventions That We Hope Never Become Real.” Io9. N.p., 2 Mar. 2015. Web. 13 Mar. 2015.
Moffat, Steven. “The Eleventh Hour.” Doctor Who. BBC. 3 Apr. 2010. Television.
Morales, Nestor Micheli. “Psychological and Ideological Aspects of Human Cloning: A Transition to a Transhumanist Psychology.” Journal of Evolution and Technology 20.2 (2009): 19-42. EBSCOhost. Web. 1 July 2013.
Morelle, Rebecca. “Anthropocene: New Dates Proposed for the ‘Age of Man’” BBC News. BBC, 11 Mar. 2015. Web. 30 Mar. 2015.
“New Earth.” Doctor Who. BBC. 15 Apr. 2006. Television.
O`Neill, Phelim. “Continuum – Box Set Review.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 1 Feb. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.
Oren, Josh. “Doctor Who: Sci Fi or Fantasy?” Doctor Who TV. Doctor Who TV, 17 May 2012. Web. 20 June 2013.
Ovid. “Book XV.” Metamorphoses. Trans. Anthony S. Kline. Virginia: University of Virginia E-Text Center, 2000. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.
Pepperell, Robert. “Posthumans and Extended Experience.” Journal of Evolution and Technology 1.14 (2005): 27-41. Web. 1 July 2013.
Rehmann-Sutter, Christoph. “Hubris and Hybrids in the Myth of Frankenstein.” Genes and Morality: New Essays. Ed. Veikko Launis, Juhani Pietarinen, and Juha Raikka. Atlanta: Rodopi, 1999. 157-73. Print.
Roberts, Adam. The History of Science Fiction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. Print.
Roberts, Gareth. Only Human. London: BBC, 2013. Print.
-------. “Gareth Roberts.” Interview. Quench Nov. 2013: 62-63. Print.
Roddenberry, Gene, prod. Star Trek. CBS Television Distribution. 8 Sept. 1966. Television.
Rustin, Margaret, and Michael Rustin. “The Regeneration of Doctor Who.” The Story and the Self. Children’s Literature: Some Psychoanalytic Perspectives 2 (2008): 142-59. Print.
Sagoff, Mark. “Nature and Human Nature.” Is Human Nature Obsolete?: Genetics, Bioengineering, and the Future of the Human Condition. Ed. Harold W. Baillie and Timothy Casey. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2005. 67-98. Print.
Scott, Cavan, and Mark Wright. Who-ology: the Official Miscellany. London: BBC Books, 2013. Print.
Seed, David. Science Fiction: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. Print.
Shakeel, Jennifer. “Theory of Social Evolution.” EHow. Demand Media, 4 Sept. 2009. Web. 24 May 2015.
Smith, Wesley J. “The Trouble with Transhumanism.” The Center for Bioethics and Culture Network. CBC, n.d. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
Switek, Brian. “Much Earlier Split for Neanderthals, Humans?” National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 21 Oct. 2013. Web. 2 Apr. 2015.
Szalay, Jessie. “Neanderthals: Facts About Our Extinct Human Relatives.” LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 19 Mar. 2013. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.
Thomas, Richard. “Doctor Who and Transhumanism.” Sci-Fi Worlds. N.p., 30 June 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.
Thomson, Helen. “First Human Head Transplant Could Happen in Two Years.” New Scientist. Reed Business Information Ltd, 25 Feb. 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2015.
Tolkien, J. R. R. “On Fairy-Stories.” The Tolkien Reader. New York: Ballantine, 1966. 33-90. Print.
Ust, Daniel. “What is Posthumanism?” 1996. Web. 3 June 2013. .
Vita-More, Natasha. “An Introduction to Transhumanity.” Issues 98 (2012): 35-36. Print.
Wade, Nicholas. “Your Body Is Younger Than You Think.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 01 Aug. 2005. Web. 04 Apr. 2015.
Walker, Shaun. “Krokodil: The Drug That Eats Junkies.” The Independent. Independent Print Limited, 22 June 2011. Web. 21 May 2015.
Waters, Brent. “From Human to Posthuman: Theology and Technology.” Human Identity at the Intersection of Science, Technology and Religion. Ed. Nancey C. Murphy and Christopher C. Knight. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. 197-214. Print.
Webb, Caroline. “The Information Bingers.” Interview by Antony Funnell. Future Tense. ABC RN. Sydney, Australia, 12 Feb. 2012. Radio. Transcript.
Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. Virginia: University of Virginia E-Text Center, 1999. Web. 7 Jan. 2015.
Wilson, Sherry. “Point of View in Literature.” The Writer`s Craft. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2015.
zh_TW