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題名 從領屬到時貌－客語有字句之研究
From Possession to Aspect---Evidence from Hakka Yu Constructions
作者 陳如慧
Emily Chen, Ju-Huey
貢獻者 賴惠玲
Huei-Ling Lai
陳如慧
Emily Chen, Ju-Huey
關鍵詞 客語
語法化研究
語意學
「有字句」
Hakka
grammaticalization
semantics
Yu constructions
日期 2000
上傳時間 18-Apr-2016 16:20:51 (UTC+8)
摘要 客語的「有」字就其語法功能而言可以作動詞、助動詞、及動詞補語用。就其意義上而言，「有」標示著領屬義、強調義、及結果完成義。在這些共時歧異的功能意義背後，實存在著一個核心意義---領有。本論文旨在用語法化理論將客語「有」字之共時分歧用法作一合理之解釋，而提出三個主張：第一、將存在的概念提升至更深層，將之視為領有義的預設。第二、將領有義分析為更基本的基模（source schemas）。第三、利用這些基本的基模來解釋「有」字的各種延伸意義。透過這樣的角度分析客語「有」字句，將可以更合理的解釋「有」的共時歧異現象。
Hakka Yu `to own, to possess` has various grammatical functions. It can function as a full-fledged verb, appear in a serial verb construction, serve as an auxiliary, and act as a verbal complement. With the structural complexity, Hakka Yu denotes possession, emphatic assertion and the existence of the resultative state of being. The divergent syntactic behaviors as well as the different functions of Hakka Yu do not share the same surface form by chance. The coincidence suggests that there must be an extant semantic core that links together all the seemingly unrelated functions exhibited by various syntactic structures of Yu. This thesis, aiming at linking the diversity of usage of Yu, claims that the structural divergence of Yu corresponds to the "cline of grammaticality," which synchronically refers to a continuum at one hand of which is a fuller lexical form, and at the opposite end, a reduced grammatical form. Three major claims are therefore advanced to account for the synchronic differences of Hakka Yu.
參考文獻 Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
     Chao, Yuan-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Cheng, Robert Liang-wei. 1979. "Taiwanese u and Mandarin you." In Ting-chi Tang, Feng-fu Tsao and Ing Li eds. Papers from the 1979 Asian and Pacific Conference on Linguistics and Language Teaching. 141-80. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.
     Claudi, Ulrike, and Bernd Heine. 1986. "On the Metaphorical Base of Grammar." Studies in Language 10.2: 297-335.
     Chu, Cheng-hsi. 1983. A Reference Grammar of Mandarin Chinese for English Speakers. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
     Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Crystal, David. 1985. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 2nd. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
     Ding, S. et al. 1979. An Introduction to Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar. Beijing: Shangwu Publishing Co. (丁聲樹等。1979。《現代漢語語法講話》。中國語文雜誌社編。北京：商務印書館。)
     Dirven, Rene and Marjolijn Verspoor. 1998. Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
     Givon, Talmy. 1971. "Historical Syntax and Synchronic Morphology: An Archaeologist`s Field Trip." CLS 7: 394-415.
     ---. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
     ---. 1993. English Grammar--A Function-Based Introduction. Vol I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
     He, Keng-yong. 1993. Study on the Syntax of the Hakka Dialect. Xia Men: Xia Men UP. (何耿鏞。1993。《客家方言語法研究》。廈門：廈門大學出版社。)
     Heine, Bernd. 1993. Auxiliaries--Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization. NY: Oxford UP.
     ---. 1994. "Areal Influence on Grammaticalization." In Putz, Martin ed. Language Contact and Language Conflict. 55-68. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     ---. 1997a. Possession--Cognitive Sources, Forces, and Grammaticalization. UK: Cambridge UP.
     ---. 1997b. Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. New York: Oxford UP.
     Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
     Her, One-soon. 1991. "On the Mandarin Possessive and Existential Verb You and Its Idiomatic Expressions." Language Sciences 13: 381-98.
     Hopper, Paul J. 1991. "On Some Principles of Grammaticalization." In Traugott and Heine eds. Approaches to Grammaticalization. 17-35.
     Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. NY: Cambridge University Press.
     Hopper, Paul J. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1984. "The Discourse Basis for Lexical Categories in Universal Grammar." Language 60.4: 703-52.
     Huang, James. 1988. "On `Shi` and `You`." Proceedings of the Institute of History and Linguistics Academia Sinica 59.1: 43-64. (黃正德。1988。〈說「是」和「有」〉。《中研院史語所集刊》。第五十九本，第一份。頁43-64。)
     Jang, Ling-ing. 1987. Studies in Hakka Morphology and Syntax. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: Fu-Jen Catholic University.
     Jiang, Qiu-yan. 1996. You `Have` Sentences in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis. Chang-Hua: National Chang-Hua University.
     Lai, Huei-ling. 1989. A Preliminary Study on Hakka `To`. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: Cheng Chi University.
     ---. 1999. "From Verb to Verbal Complement: Evidence from the Verb DO in Hakka." Presented at the International Symposium on Grammaticalization at Potsdam University, Germany.
     Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. 167-226. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Li, C. and S. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Li, Ying-zhe. 1972. "Sentences with Be, Exist, and Have in Chinese." Language 48: 573-83.
     Liu, Meichun. 1994. "Semantic Schema and Metaphorical Extension: A Study of the Mandarin V-R Compounds as a Radial Category." IsCLL IV. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
     ---. 1997. "From Motion Verb to Linking Element: Discourse Explanations for the Grammaticalization of JIU in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25: 258-89.
     Liu, Yue-hua et al. 1996. Practical Grammar on Modern Mandarin. Taipei: Shi-Da Bookstore. (劉月華等。1996。《實用現代漢語語法》。台北：師大書苑發行。)
     Lu, Lijung Wendy. 1991. Semantics of Taiwanese U. M.A. thesis. Texas: Rice University.
     Luo, Zhao-jin. 1988. Hakka Grammar. 2nd ed. Taipei: Student Bookstore. (羅肇錦。1988。《客語語法》，第二版。台北：學生書局。)
     ---. 1994. "Structural Analysis on Inflectional Elements of Si-Xian Hakka." Xie Jian and Zheng Chi-Yan eds. Proceedings of International Hakka Symposium. 593-618. (羅肇錦。1994。〈四縣客語附著成分結構功能分析〉。謝劍、鄭赤琰編，《國際客家學研討會論文集》。頁593-618。)
     Luo, Me-zhen and Xiao-hua Den. 1995. Hakka Dialect. Fu Jian: Fu Jian Educational Publisher. (羅美珍、鄧曉華。1995。《客家方言》。福建：福建教育出版社。)
     Lyons, John. 1967. "A Note on Possessive, Existential, and Locative Sentences." Foundations of Language 3: 390-96.
     ---. 1977. Semantics. Vol II. 592-606. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Pagliuca, William (ed.). 1994. Perspectives on Grammaticalization. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
     Sweetser, Eve E. 1986. "Polysemy vs. Abstraction: Mutually Exclusive or Complementary?" BLS 12: 528-50.
     ---. 1988. "Grammaticalization and Semantic Bleaching." BLS 14: 389-405.
     Tang, Ting-chi. 1979. " `Possessive Sentences` and `Existential Sentences` in Mandarin Chinese." Proceedings of Study on Mandarin Grammar. Taipei: Student Bookstore. 181-96. (湯廷池。1979。〈國語的「有無句」與「存在句」〉。《國語語法研究論文集》。台北：學生書局。頁181-96。)
     Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Bernd Heine eds. 1991. Approaches to Grammaticalization. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     Tsai, Wei-tian. 1998a. "On the Reanalysis of `you`." Proceedings of NCCU Symposium of Linguistics Methodology. (蔡維天。1998a。〈談「有」的重析現象--句法學方法論的個案探討〉。《政大語言學研究方法研討會論文集》。)
     ---. 1998b. " `You` in Min and Taiwan Mandarin." Dong Zhong-Si ed. Proceedings of International Symposium of Taiwan Language and Teaching. 475-98. (蔡維天。1998b。〈閩南語和台灣國語中的「有」--- 談句法學中的社會因緣與歷史意識〉。董忠司主編，《台灣語言及其教學國際研討會論文集》。頁475-98。)
     Tsao, Feng-fu and Ying, Cheng. 1994. "On Five Usage and Their Interrelationship of Min `U`." Chinese Language Study 11. (曹逢甫、鄭縈。1994。〈談閩南語「有」的五種用法及其間的關係〉。《中國語文研究》，第十一期。)
     Van Kemenade, Ans. 1999. "Functional Categories, Morphosyntactic Change, Grammaticalization." Linguistics 37.6: 997-1010.
     Wei, Wen-zhen. 1995. On Mandarin You-Sentences. M.A. Thesis. Hsingchu: Ching Hua University.　(魏文真。1995。《國語的有字句》。清華大學語言所碩士論文。)
     Wei, Wen-zhen et al. 1991. "Syntactic Behavior on You." ROCLING Proceeding. (魏文真等。1991。〈「有」的語法表達模式〉。國科會報告。收錄於《ROCLING Proceeding》。)
     Whitney, William Dwight. 1875. The Life and Growth of Language: An Outline of Linguistic Science. New York: Dover.
     Wu, Zhong-ping. 1958. "Syntactic Characteristics of Xia Men Dialect." Fang Yan and Pu Tong Hua. Vol. I. 84-103. (吳仲平。1958。〈廈門話的語法特點〉。《方言語普通話集刊》，第一本。文字改革出版社。頁84-103。)
     Yong, Shin. 1997. "The Grammatical Functions of Verb Complements in Mandarin Chinese." Linguistics 35: 1-24.
     Zhan, Kai-di. 1981. "You Sentences." Chinese Language: 27-34. (詹開弟。1981。〈有字句〉。《中國語文》。頁27-34。)
     Zhang, Zhen-xing. 1983. Study on Taiwan Min Dialect. 147-52. Fu Jian: Fu Jian Ren Min Publishing Co. (張振興。1983。《台灣閩南語方言記略》。福建：福建人民出版社。頁147-52。)
     Zheng, Yi-de. 1992. "On You Sentences of Fu Zhou Dialect." Chen Ya-chuan and Zheng Yi-de eds. Proceedings of Mandarin Languages. 57-62. Taipei: Crane Publisher. (鄭懿德。1992。〈福州方言的「有」字句〉。陳亞川、鄭懿德編，《漢語集稿》。台北：文鶴出版。頁57-62。)
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
86555005
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001632
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 賴惠玲zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Huei-Ling Laien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳如慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Emily Chen, Ju-Hueyen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳如慧zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Emily Chen, Ju-Hueyen_US
dc.date (日期) 2000en_US
dc.date.accessioned 18-Apr-2016 16:20:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 18-Apr-2016 16:20:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 18-Apr-2016 16:20:51 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) A2002001632en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/85207-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 86555005zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 客語的「有」字就其語法功能而言可以作動詞、助動詞、及動詞補語用。就其意義上而言，「有」標示著領屬義、強調義、及結果完成義。在這些共時歧異的功能意義背後，實存在著一個核心意義---領有。本論文旨在用語法化理論將客語「有」字之共時分歧用法作一合理之解釋，而提出三個主張：第一、將存在的概念提升至更深層，將之視為領有義的預設。第二、將領有義分析為更基本的基模（source schemas）。第三、利用這些基本的基模來解釋「有」字的各種延伸意義。透過這樣的角度分析客語「有」字句，將可以更合理的解釋「有」的共時歧異現象。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Hakka Yu `to own, to possess` has various grammatical functions. It can function as a full-fledged verb, appear in a serial verb construction, serve as an auxiliary, and act as a verbal complement. With the structural complexity, Hakka Yu denotes possession, emphatic assertion and the existence of the resultative state of being. The divergent syntactic behaviors as well as the different functions of Hakka Yu do not share the same surface form by chance. The coincidence suggests that there must be an extant semantic core that links together all the seemingly unrelated functions exhibited by various syntactic structures of Yu. This thesis, aiming at linking the diversity of usage of Yu, claims that the structural divergence of Yu corresponds to the "cline of grammaticality," which synchronically refers to a continuum at one hand of which is a fuller lexical form, and at the opposite end, a reduced grammatical form. Three major claims are therefore advanced to account for the synchronic differences of Hakka Yu.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 封面頁
     證明書
     致謝詞
     論文摘要
     目錄
     Chapter 1 Introduction
     1.1 Motivation
     1.2 Assumptions
     1.3 Layout of this Thesis
     Chapter 2 Basic Data
     2.1 Yu as a Full-fledged Verb
     2.2 Yu in a Serial Verb Construction
     2.3 Yu as an Auxiliary
     2.4 Yu as a Verbal Complement
     2.5 Summary
     Chapter 3 Previous Studies on Mandarin You and Southern Min U
     3.1 Zhan (1981)
     3.2 Wei (1995)
     3.3 Cheng (1979)
     3.4 Tsao and Cheng (1994)
     3.5 Remarks
     Chapter 4 The Core Meaning of Hakka Yu
     4.1 EXISTENCE as Presupposition of the Concept POSSESSION
     4.1.1 What is EXISTENCE?
     4.1.2 The Inseparability Between POSSESSION and EXISTENCE
     4.1.3 EXISTENCE as Presupposition for the Yu Constructions
     4.2 Source Schemas of the Concept POSSESSION
     4.2.1 The Action Schema
     4.2.2 The Location Schema
     4.2.3 The Companion Schema
     4.2.4 The Genitive Schema
     4.2.5 From Source to Target
     4.3 Hakka Yu as Evidence of Grammaticalization
     4.3.1 General Principles of Grammaticalization
     4.3.2 Grammaticalized Process of Yu
     4.3.3 Motivation
     4.3.3.1 Metaphorical Transfer
     4.3.3.2 Generalization
     4.3.3.3 The Interplay Between the Driving Forces
     4.4 Summary
     Chapter 5 Conclusion
     5.1 Summary of Results
     5.2 Implications
     5.3 Further Research Issues
     Reference		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#A2002001632en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 客語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語法化研究zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語意學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 「有字句」zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Hakkaen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) grammaticalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) semanticsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Yu constructionsen_US
dc.title (題名) 從領屬到時貌－客語有字句之研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) From Possession to Aspect---Evidence from Hakka Yu Constructionsen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
     Chao, Yuan-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Cheng, Robert Liang-wei. 1979. "Taiwanese u and Mandarin you." In Ting-chi Tang, Feng-fu Tsao and Ing Li eds. Papers from the 1979 Asian and Pacific Conference on Linguistics and Language Teaching. 141-80. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.
     Claudi, Ulrike, and Bernd Heine. 1986. "On the Metaphorical Base of Grammar." Studies in Language 10.2: 297-335.
     Chu, Cheng-hsi. 1983. A Reference Grammar of Mandarin Chinese for English Speakers. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
     Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     Crystal, David. 1985. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 2nd. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
     Ding, S. et al. 1979. An Introduction to Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar. Beijing: Shangwu Publishing Co. (丁聲樹等。1979。《現代漢語語法講話》。中國語文雜誌社編。北京：商務印書館。)
     Dirven, Rene and Marjolijn Verspoor. 1998. Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
     Givon, Talmy. 1971. "Historical Syntax and Synchronic Morphology: An Archaeologist`s Field Trip." CLS 7: 394-415.
     ---. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. San Diego: Academic Press Inc.
     ---. 1993. English Grammar--A Function-Based Introduction. Vol I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
     He, Keng-yong. 1993. Study on the Syntax of the Hakka Dialect. Xia Men: Xia Men UP. (何耿鏞。1993。《客家方言語法研究》。廈門：廈門大學出版社。)
     Heine, Bernd. 1993. Auxiliaries--Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization. NY: Oxford UP.
     ---. 1994. "Areal Influence on Grammaticalization." In Putz, Martin ed. Language Contact and Language Conflict. 55-68. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     ---. 1997a. Possession--Cognitive Sources, Forces, and Grammaticalization. UK: Cambridge UP.
     ---. 1997b. Cognitive Foundations of Grammar. New York: Oxford UP.
     Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
     Her, One-soon. 1991. "On the Mandarin Possessive and Existential Verb You and Its Idiomatic Expressions." Language Sciences 13: 381-98.
     Hopper, Paul J. 1991. "On Some Principles of Grammaticalization." In Traugott and Heine eds. Approaches to Grammaticalization. 17-35.
     Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. NY: Cambridge University Press.
     Hopper, Paul J. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1984. "The Discourse Basis for Lexical Categories in Universal Grammar." Language 60.4: 703-52.
     Huang, James. 1988. "On `Shi` and `You`." Proceedings of the Institute of History and Linguistics Academia Sinica 59.1: 43-64. (黃正德。1988。〈說「是」和「有」〉。《中研院史語所集刊》。第五十九本，第一份。頁43-64。)
     Jang, Ling-ing. 1987. Studies in Hakka Morphology and Syntax. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: Fu-Jen Catholic University.
     Jiang, Qiu-yan. 1996. You `Have` Sentences in Mandarin Chinese. M.A. Thesis. Chang-Hua: National Chang-Hua University.
     Lai, Huei-ling. 1989. A Preliminary Study on Hakka `To`. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: Cheng Chi University.
     ---. 1999. "From Verb to Verbal Complement: Evidence from the Verb DO in Hakka." Presented at the International Symposium on Grammaticalization at Potsdam University, Germany.
     Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. 167-226. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Li, C. and S. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
     Li, Ying-zhe. 1972. "Sentences with Be, Exist, and Have in Chinese." Language 48: 573-83.
     Liu, Meichun. 1994. "Semantic Schema and Metaphorical Extension: A Study of the Mandarin V-R Compounds as a Radial Category." IsCLL IV. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
     ---. 1997. "From Motion Verb to Linking Element: Discourse Explanations for the Grammaticalization of JIU in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25: 258-89.
     Liu, Yue-hua et al. 1996. Practical Grammar on Modern Mandarin. Taipei: Shi-Da Bookstore. (劉月華等。1996。《實用現代漢語語法》。台北：師大書苑發行。)
     Lu, Lijung Wendy. 1991. Semantics of Taiwanese U. M.A. thesis. Texas: Rice University.
     Luo, Zhao-jin. 1988. Hakka Grammar. 2nd ed. Taipei: Student Bookstore. (羅肇錦。1988。《客語語法》，第二版。台北：學生書局。)
     ---. 1994. "Structural Analysis on Inflectional Elements of Si-Xian Hakka." Xie Jian and Zheng Chi-Yan eds. Proceedings of International Hakka Symposium. 593-618. (羅肇錦。1994。〈四縣客語附著成分結構功能分析〉。謝劍、鄭赤琰編，《國際客家學研討會論文集》。頁593-618。)
     Luo, Me-zhen and Xiao-hua Den. 1995. Hakka Dialect. Fu Jian: Fu Jian Educational Publisher. (羅美珍、鄧曉華。1995。《客家方言》。福建：福建教育出版社。)
     Lyons, John. 1967. "A Note on Possessive, Existential, and Locative Sentences." Foundations of Language 3: 390-96.
     ---. 1977. Semantics. Vol II. 592-606. New York: Cambridge University Press.
     Pagliuca, William (ed.). 1994. Perspectives on Grammaticalization. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     Saeed, John I. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
     Sweetser, Eve E. 1986. "Polysemy vs. Abstraction: Mutually Exclusive or Complementary?" BLS 12: 528-50.
     ---. 1988. "Grammaticalization and Semantic Bleaching." BLS 14: 389-405.
     Tang, Ting-chi. 1979. " `Possessive Sentences` and `Existential Sentences` in Mandarin Chinese." Proceedings of Study on Mandarin Grammar. Taipei: Student Bookstore. 181-96. (湯廷池。1979。〈國語的「有無句」與「存在句」〉。《國語語法研究論文集》。台北：學生書局。頁181-96。)
     Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Bernd Heine eds. 1991. Approaches to Grammaticalization. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
     Tsai, Wei-tian. 1998a. "On the Reanalysis of `you`." Proceedings of NCCU Symposium of Linguistics Methodology. (蔡維天。1998a。〈談「有」的重析現象--句法學方法論的個案探討〉。《政大語言學研究方法研討會論文集》。)
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