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題名 以漢語趨向動詞「起來」、「下去」、「上來」為例的語法化研究
On Mandarin Directional Verbs Qi-lai, Xia-Qu, and Shang-lai: A Reflection of Grammaticalization
作者 李陳福
Li, Chen-Fu Alfred
貢獻者 張郇慧
Chang, Hsun-Huei
李陳福
Li, Chen-Fu Alfred
關鍵詞 語法化
趨向動詞
子句中語法化
子句間語法化
譬喻轉換
grammaticalization
directional verb
clause-internal grammaticalization
cross-clause grammaticalization
metaphorical transfer
日期 1998
上傳時間 27-Apr-2016 11:13:48 (UTC+8)
摘要 本篇論文引用Hopper在1993年所提出的五項原則，論證漢語中「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的多義現象是反映語法化的現象。在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」語法化的過程中，可以發現許多語意和語法的痕跡，例如語意選擇的限制、受詞位置的限制、受詞限定的要求、與完成貌時貌標記使用的限制。根據Lehmann 1991年的研究，這些痕跡說明「起來」、「下去」、「上來」在語法化的過程中是由「子句中」向「子句間」變動。這樣的語意變動主要來自於概念上由空間向時間的比喻轉換。除此之外，在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的句子中，這樣的轉換還受到不同的語意角色要求所限制。
This thesis applies Hopper*s Principles (1993) to assert that the semantic varieties of Mandarin directional verbs qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are reflections of grammaticalization. The grammaticalization of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai has left traces on selectional restriction, syntactic constraints on object positions, object definiteness, and requirements of perfective aspect marker. Based on Lehmann (1991), these traces lead to the conclusion that Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai shift from clause-internal to cross-clause grammaticalization. The semantic shifts of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are considered to be motivated by SPACE-to-TIME metaphorical transfer. The transfer is also constrained by theta-role requirements.
參考文獻 Anttila, Raimo. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics.
      New York: Macmillan.
     Bybee, Joan L. 1985. Morphology: A Study of the Relation Between Meaning and
      Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     Chang, Shen-Ming. 1994. V-qi-lai Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A study of
      Their Semantics and Syntax. M.A Thesis. Hsinchu: Tsing Hua University.
     Chao, Yen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. LA: University of California
      Press.
     Claudi, Ulrike, and Bernd Heine. 1986. "On the Metaphorical Base of Grammar."
      Language 10: 297-335.
     Dai, Yao-Jin. 戴耀晶. 1997 Xian-Dai Han-Yu Shi-Ti Yan-Jiu. 現代漢語時體系統研究
      (A Study of the Modern Mandarin Aspectual System) Hang-Zhou:Zhe-Jiang Jiao-Yu
      Chu-Ban-She. 杭州：浙江教育出版社。
     Fang, Yu-Qing. 1992. "Qi-lai de Fenbu he Yuyi Tezheng" (The Distribution and Semantic
      Features of Qi-lai). Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue (Chinese Teaching in the World) 1:23-28.
     Fox, Barbara, and Paul J. Hopper. eds. 1994. Voice: Form and Function. Amsterdam: John
      Benjamins.
     Givon, Talmy. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
     Goosens, Louis. 1989. "Metonymy in metaphoricization: From Body Parts (and Other Donor
      Domains) to Linguistic Action." Linguistic Agency, University of Duisburg, ser. A, no. 256.
      Duisburg: Universitat Duisburg.
     Guimier, Claude. 1985. "On the Origin of the Suffix -ly." In Fisiak Jacek ed. Historical
      Morphology. Trends in Linguistics, Studies, and Monographs 17. 155-70. NY: Mouton.
     Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar.
      London: Edward Arnold.
     Haiman, John, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1988. Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse.
      Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     Heine, Bernd, and Mechthild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in Afican
      Languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
     Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. "From Cognition to
      Grammar --- Evidence from African Languages." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and
      Bernd Heine eds Approaches to Grammaticalization. Volume II, 149-88. Phildadelphia:
      John Benjamins.
     Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A
      Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
     Her, One-Soon. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese.
      Taipei: Crane Publishing Co.
     Hook, Peter E. 1991. "The Emergence of Perfective Aspect in Indo-Aryan Languages."
      In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine eds Approaches to Grammaticalization.
      Vol. 2, 59-89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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      and Bernd Heine eds Approaches to Grammaticalization. Vol 1, 17-36. Amsterdam:
      John Benjamins.
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      University Press.
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      Grammaticalization: A Study of Mandarin Chinese." In Goldberg, Adele E. eds. Conceptual
      Structure, Discourse and Language. 201-16. CSLI Publications.
     Jeffers, Robert J., and Arnold M. Zwicky. 1980. "The Evolution of Clitics." In Elizabeth Closs
      Traugott, Rebecca La Brum, and Susan Shepherd eds, Paper presented in the 4th International
      Conference on Historical Linguistics, 221-31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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      Stanford University Press.
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      and Sandra A. Thompson eds. Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse. 175-333.
      Amsterdam: Benjamins.
     Lehmann, Christian. 1989. "Latin Subordination in Typological Perspective." In Gualtiero
      Calboli eds. Subordination and other Topics in Latin: Proceedings of the Third Colloquium
      on Latin Linguistics. 153-79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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      493-535. Phildadelphia: John Benjamins.
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      Linguistique Hisorique et Linguistique generale, 130-48. Paris: Champion. Cited in Hopper,
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      John Benjamins.
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      A Corpus-Based Study." Paper Presented at the Second International Conference on Chinese
      Linguistics (ICLL2). June 23-25. Paris.
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      中國社會科學出版社。
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
85555002
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001659
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 張郇慧zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Chang, Hsun-Hueien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 李陳福zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Li, Chen-Fu Alfreden_US
dc.creator (作者) 李陳福zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Li, Chen-Fu Alfreden_US
dc.date (日期) 1998en_US
dc.date.accessioned 27-Apr-2016 11:13:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 27-Apr-2016 11:13:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-Apr-2016 11:13:48 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002001659en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/86235-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 85555002zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本篇論文引用Hopper在1993年所提出的五項原則，論證漢語中「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的多義現象是反映語法化的現象。在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」語法化的過程中，可以發現許多語意和語法的痕跡，例如語意選擇的限制、受詞位置的限制、受詞限定的要求、與完成貌時貌標記使用的限制。根據Lehmann 1991年的研究，這些痕跡說明「起來」、「下去」、「上來」在語法化的過程中是由「子句中」向「子句間」變動。這樣的語意變動主要來自於概念上由空間向時間的比喻轉換。除此之外，在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的句子中，這樣的轉換還受到不同的語意角色要求所限制。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis applies Hopper*s Principles (1993) to assert that the semantic varieties of Mandarin directional verbs qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are reflections of grammaticalization. The grammaticalization of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai has left traces on selectional restriction, syntactic constraints on object positions, object definiteness, and requirements of perfective aspect marker. Based on Lehmann (1991), these traces lead to the conclusion that Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai shift from clause-internal to cross-clause grammaticalization. The semantic shifts of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are considered to be motivated by SPACE-to-TIME metaphorical transfer. The transfer is also constrained by theta-role requirements.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Chapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
     Chapter 2 The Syntactic Distribution of Qi-lai, Xia-qu, and Shang-lai . . . . . . . . . 4
      2.1 Directional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
      2.2 Aspectual Suffix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
      2.2.1 Inchoative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
      2.2.2 Continuing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
      2.2.3 Completive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
      2.3 Middle Voice and Conditional Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
      2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
     Chapter 3 Evidence of Grammaticalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
      3.1 Layering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
      3.2 Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
      3.3 Specialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
      3.4 Persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
      3.5 De-categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
      3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
     Chapter 4 Grammatical Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
      4.1 Literature Review --- A Cline of Grammaticalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
      4.2 The Cline of Qi-lai, Xia-qu, and Shang-lai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
      4.2.1 Qi-lai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
      4.2.2 Xia-qu and Shang-lai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
      4.3 From Clause-internal to Cross-clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
      4.4 The Effect of Grammaticalization: Lexical vs. Grammatical . . . . . . . . . . 48
     Chapter 5 Motivation: Metaphorical Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
      5.1 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
      5.2 Metaphorical Process of Qi-lai, Xia-qu, and Shang-lai . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
      5.3 Theta-role Requirement and metaphorical Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
      5.4 Deictic Metaphors . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
     Chapter 6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
     Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001659en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語法化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 趨向動詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 子句中語法化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 子句間語法化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 譬喻轉換zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) grammaticalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) directional verben_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) clause-internal grammaticalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) cross-clause grammaticalizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) metaphorical transferen_US
dc.title (題名) 以漢語趨向動詞「起來」、「下去」、「上來」為例的語法化研究zh_TW
dc.title (題名) On Mandarin Directional Verbs Qi-lai, Xia-Qu, and Shang-lai: A Reflection of Grammaticalizationen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, Raimo. 1972. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics.
      New York: Macmillan.
     Bybee, Joan L. 1985. Morphology: A Study of the Relation Between Meaning and
      Form. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     Chang, Shen-Ming. 1994. V-qi-lai Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: A study of
      Their Semantics and Syntax. M.A Thesis. Hsinchu: Tsing Hua University.
     Chao, Yen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. LA: University of California
      Press.
     Claudi, Ulrike, and Bernd Heine. 1986. "On the Metaphorical Base of Grammar."
      Language 10: 297-335.
     Dai, Yao-Jin. 戴耀晶. 1997 Xian-Dai Han-Yu Shi-Ti Yan-Jiu. 現代漢語時體系統研究
      (A Study of the Modern Mandarin Aspectual System) Hang-Zhou:Zhe-Jiang Jiao-Yu
      Chu-Ban-She. 杭州：浙江教育出版社。
     Fang, Yu-Qing. 1992. "Qi-lai de Fenbu he Yuyi Tezheng" (The Distribution and Semantic
      Features of Qi-lai). Shijie Hanyu Jiaoxue (Chinese Teaching in the World) 1:23-28.
     Fox, Barbara, and Paul J. Hopper. eds. 1994. Voice: Form and Function. Amsterdam: John
      Benjamins.
     Givon, Talmy. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
     Goosens, Louis. 1989. "Metonymy in metaphoricization: From Body Parts (and Other Donor
      Domains) to Linguistic Action." Linguistic Agency, University of Duisburg, ser. A, no. 256.
      Duisburg: Universitat Duisburg.
     Guimier, Claude. 1985. "On the Origin of the Suffix -ly." In Fisiak Jacek ed. Historical
      Morphology. Trends in Linguistics, Studies, and Monographs 17. 155-70. NY: Mouton.
     Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar.
      London: Edward Arnold.
     Haiman, John, and Sandra A. Thompson. 1988. Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse.
      Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     Heine, Bernd, and Mechthild Reh. 1984. Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in Afican
      Languages. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
     Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. "From Cognition to
      Grammar --- Evidence from African Languages." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and
      Bernd Heine eds Approaches to Grammaticalization. Volume II, 149-88. Phildadelphia:
      John Benjamins.
     Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A
      Conceptual Framework. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
     Her, One-Soon. Grammatical Functions and Verb Subcategorization in Mandarin Chinese.
      Taipei: Crane Publishing Co.
     Hook, Peter E. 1991. "The Emergence of Perfective Aspect in Indo-Aryan Languages."
      In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine eds Approaches to Grammaticalization.
      Vol. 2, 59-89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     Hopper Paul J. 1991. "On Some Principles of Grammaticization." In Elizabeth Closs Traugott
      and Bernd Heine eds Approaches to Grammaticalization. Vol 1, 17-36. Amsterdam:
      John Benjamins.
     Hopper, Paul J, and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. NY: Cambridge
      University Press.
     Huang, Chu-Ren, and Shen-Ming Chang. 1996. "Metaphor, Metaphorical Extension, and
      Grammaticalization: A Study of Mandarin Chinese." In Goldberg, Adele E. eds. Conceptual
      Structure, Discourse and Language. 201-16. CSLI Publications.
     Jeffers, Robert J., and Arnold M. Zwicky. 1980. "The Evolution of Clitics." In Elizabeth Closs
      Traugott, Rebecca La Brum, and Susan Shepherd eds, Paper presented in the 4th International
      Conference on Historical Linguistics, 221-31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     Kemmer, Suzanne. 1993. The Middle Voice. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
     Kurylowicz, Jerzy. 1975. "The Evolution of Grammatical Categories." Reprinted in J.
      Kurylowicz. 1976. Esquisses Linguistiques II. Vol 2. 38-54. Munich: Fink.
     Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of
      Chicago Press.
     Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. 2. Stanford:
      Stanford University Press.
     Lehmann, Christian. 1988. "Towards a Typology of Clause Linkage." In Haiman, John
      and Sandra A. Thompson eds. Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse. 175-333.
      Amsterdam: Benjamins.
     Lehmann, Christian. 1989. "Latin Subordination in Typological Perspective." In Gualtiero
      Calboli eds. Subordination and other Topics in Latin: Proceedings of the Third Colloquium
      on Latin Linguistics. 153-79. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
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