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題名 中國學生朗讀及說故事時靜默停頓的研究：華語和英語比較
Reading Aloud and Story-telling in two Languages: A Study of Silent Pause
作者 沈君怡
Shen, Chun-I Joyce
貢獻者 楊懿麗
Yang, Yi-Li
沈君怡
Shen, Chun-I Joyce
關鍵詞 時間變項
停頓時間
停頓比例
發聲速度
說話速度
語句長度
temporal variables
pause time
pause percentage
articulation time
speech rate
utterance length
日期 1998
上傳時間 27-Apr-2016 11:13:56 (UTC+8)
摘要 國立政治大學碩士論文提要
Abstract
參考文獻 參考資料
     中文方面
     楊懿麗。1996。〈沉默是金 – 停頓學研究〉。《研究通訊第七期》。
      43-77。
     詹志禹、賴世培。1996。《應用統計》。國立空中大學印行。
     蔣自新、劉意青編譯。1997。《外國幽默小品一百篇》。台灣商務印
      書館發行。
     英文方面
     Anderson, John R. 1983. The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge,
      Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
     Anderson-Hiseh, Janet, and Horabail Venkatagiri. 1994. Syllable
      Duration and Pausing in the Speech of Chinese ESL Speakers.
      TESOL Quarterly 28(4), 807-12
     Barik, Henri C. 1977. Cross-Linguistic Study of Temporal
      Characteristics of Different Types of Speech Materials. Language
      and Speech 20, 116-127.
     Beattie, Geoffrey W. 1980. Encoding Units in Spontaneous Speech.
      In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.) Temporal Variables in
      Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda Goldman-Eisler. The Hague:
      Mouton, 131-142.
     Boomer, Donald S. 1965. Hesitation and Grammatical Encoding.
      Language and Speech 8, 148-158.
     Brubaker, R. S. 1972. Rate and Pause Characteristics of Oral
      Reading. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 1(2), 141-147.
     Carroll, David W. 1994. Psychology of Language. Pacific Grove,
      Califonia: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
     Chafe, Wallace. 1980. Some Reasons for Hesitating in Temporal
      Variables in Speech. In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.)
      Temporal Variables in Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda
      Goldman-Eisler. The Hague: Mouton, 169-180.
     
     Cheung, Him, and Susan Kemper. 1993. Recall and Articulation of
      English and Chinese Words by Chinese-English Bilinguals.
      Memory and Cognition 21, 666-670.
     Cook, Vivian. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language
      Teaching. London: Distributed in USA by Routledge, Chapman
      and Hall.
     Cook, Vivian. 1993. Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition.
      New York: St. Martin’s Press.
     Deese, James. 1980. Pauses, Prosody, and the Demands of Production
      in Language. In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.) Temporal
      Variables in Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda Goldman-Eisler.
      The Hague: Mouton, 69-84.
     Deschamps, Alain. 1980. The Syntactical Distribution of Pauses in
      English Spoken as a Second Language by French Students. In
      H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.) Temporal Variables in
      Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda Goldman-Eisler. The Hague:
      Mouton, 255-262.
     Duez, Danielle. 1982. Silent and Non-Silent Pauses in Three Speech
      Styles. Language and speech 25, 11-28.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1956. The Determinants of the Rate of
      Speech Output and Their Mutual Relations. Journal of
      Psychosomatic Research 1, 137-143.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1961a. The Significance of Changes in the
      Rate of Articulation. Language and Speech 4, 171-174.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1961b. The Distribution of Pauses Duration
      in Speech. Language and Speech 4, 232-237.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1967. Sequential Temporal Patterns and
      Cognitive Processes in Speech. Language and Speech 10, 122-
      132.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1968. Psycholinguistics: Experiments in
      Spontaneous Speech. London: Academic Press.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1972. Pauses, Clauses, Sentences.
      Language and Speech 15, 103-113.
     Hardin, Erin E., Daniel C. O’Connell, and Sabine Kowal. 1998.
      Reading Aloud from Logographic and Alphabetic Texts:
      Comparisons Between Chinese and German. Journal of
      Psycholinguistic Research 27(3), 413-420.
     Henderson, Alan, Frieda Goldman-Eisler, and Andrew Skarbek. 1965.
      Temporal Patterns of Cognitive Activity and Breath Control in
      Speech. Language and Speech 8, 236-242.
     Johnson, Ruth, and Rita Moore. 1997. A Link Between Reading
      Proficiency and Native-like Use of Pausing in Speaking. Applied
      Language Learning 8(1), 25-42.
     
     Kowal, Sabin, Daniel C. O’Connell, and Edward J. Sabine. 1975.
      Development of Temporal Patterning and Vocal Hesitations in
      Spontaneous Narratives. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
      4(3), 195-207.
     Kowal, Sabine, Daniel C. O’Connell, Eileen A. O’ Brien, and Ernest T.
      Bryant. 1975. Temporal Aspects of Reading Aloud and
      Speaking: Three Experiments. American Journal of Psychology
      88(4), 549-569.
     Levelt, W. J. M. 1989. Speaking: from Intention to Articulation.
      Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
     Li, Yi-fan. 1994. The Role of Silent Pauses in Conversation and Their
      Implication in Language Learning and Teaching. M. A. Thesis,
      Taipei: Fu-jen University.
     Lin, Lu-fang. 1995. A Pragmatic Study of the Role of Silence,
      Repetition, Overlap. M. A. Thesis, Taipei: Fu-jen University.
     McLaughlin, Barry, Tammi Rossman, and Beverly McLeod. 1983.
      Second Language Learning: An Information-Processing
      Perspective. Language Learning 33(2), 135-158.
     O’Connell, D. C. and Sabine Kowal. 1983. Pausology. In W. A.
      Sedelow and S. Y. Sedelow (eds.) Computers in language
      Research, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 221-299.
     Raupach, Manfred. 1980. Temporal Variables in First and Second
      Language Speech Production. In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach
      (eds.) Temproal Variables in Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda
      Goldman-Eisler. The Hague: Mouton, 263-270.
     Ruder, Kenneth F., and Paul J. Jensen. 1972. Fluent and Hesitation
      Pauses as a Function of Syntactic Complexity. Journal of
      Speech and Hearing Research 15, 49-60.
     Stenstr□m, Anna, Brita. 1986. A Study of Pauses as Demarcators in
      Discourse and Syntax. In Aarts-Jan and Williem Meijs (eds.)
      Corpus Linguistics: New Studies in the Analysis and Exploration of
      Computer Corpora. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 203-218.
     Wilkes, A. L. and Kennedy, R. A. 1969. Relationship Between
      Pausing and Retrieval Latency in Sentences of Varying
      Grammatical Form. Journal of Experimental Psychology 79, 241-
      245.
     Yang, I-li. 1997. The Pattern of Pauses in Monologues: A Case in
      Mandarin Chinese. National Chengchi University Journal 75,
      207-256.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
85555010
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001663
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 楊懿麗zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Yang, Yi-Lien_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 沈君怡zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Shen, Chun-I Joyceen_US
dc.creator (作者) 沈君怡zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Shen, Chun-I Joyceen_US
dc.date (日期) 1998en_US
dc.date.accessioned 27-Apr-2016 11:13:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 27-Apr-2016 11:13:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 27-Apr-2016 11:13:56 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) B2002001663en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/86239-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 85555010zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 國立政治大學碩士論文提要zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) Abstracten_US
dc.description.tableofcontents 目 次
     誌謝…………………………………………………………………. iv
     中文摘要……………………………………………………………. ix
     英文摘要……………………………………………………………. x
     章節
     1. 前言………………………………………………………………… 1
     1.1停頓學簡介……………………………………………………. 1
     1.2研究問題………………………………………………………. 5
     1.3名詞解釋………………………………………………………. 5
     2. 文獻探討…………………………………………………………… 8
     2.1 語言產製的相關理論…………………………………………. 8
     2.1.1 ACT*理論……………………………………………….. 10
     2.1.2 Levelt（1989）的語言產製理論……………………….. 12
     2.2 自然口語與朗讀的比較………….…………………………… 16
     2.3 第一語言與第二語言的比較…………...…………………….. 23
     2.3.1自然口語方面…………………………………………… 23
     2.3.2朗讀方面………………………………………………… 26
     2.4 綜合討論………………………………...…………………….. 32
     3.研究方法…………………………………………………………… 35
      3.1研究問題與研究假設……………………...………………….. 35
      3.2語料收集…………………………………...………………….. 36
     3.2.1受試者………………………………..………………….. 36
     3.2.2實驗材料……………………………..……………….…. 37
     3.2.3實驗程序……………………………..………………….. 37
     3.3語料分析…………………………………….…………..…….. 38
     3.3.1停頓測量…………………………………………..…….. 38
     3.3.2停頓位置分析…………………………………………… 39
      3.3.2.1朗讀……………………………………………... 39
      3.3.2.2說故事…………………………………………... 40
     3.4統計考驗……………………………………………………….. 44
     4.結果………………………………………………………………… 46
     4.1各時間變項的統計結果………………………………………. 47
     4.2停頓的位置與各變項的關係…………………………………. 50
     4.3不同時間的停頓之統計結果…………………………………. 52
     5.討論與結論………………………………………………………… 54
     5.1討論……………………………………………………………. 54
     5.2結論……………………………………………………………. 64
     5.3本研究之貢獻及不足之處……………………………………. 66
     參考資料……………………………………………………………. 68
     附錄…………………………………………………………………. 73
      附錄一、中文實驗材料………………………………………….. 73
      附錄二、英文實驗材料………………………………………….. 74
      附錄三、中文及英文的提示問題……………………………….. 75
      附錄四、以子句為單位的文字稿……………………………….. 76
      圖表
     圖一、Levelt（1989）所提出的語言產製歷程….………………. 13
     圖二、自然口語中的認知節奏曲線……………………………… 21
     圖三、朗讀中的認知節奏曲線…………………………………… 21
     圖四、語言和說話形式的交互作用：發聲速度………………… 49
     圖五、語言和說話形式的交互作用：語句長度………………… 50
     表一、英語與法語中停頓現象之比較……………………………. 17
     表二、兩種說話形式中靜默停頓出現位置比較…………………. 22
     表三、兩研究停頓現象之比較……………………………………. 24
     表四、不同語言精通程度受試者各停頓現象之比較……………. 27
     表五、不同語言精通程度之停頓現象之比較……………………. 28
     表六、朗讀華語及德語之停頓現象之比較………………………. 30
     表七、32位受試者的語句數量……………………………………. 46
     表八、五個時間變項的平均數和標準差………………………….. 47
     表九、不同語言在各時間變項中的結果………………………….. 47
     表十、不同說話形式在各時間變項中的結果…………………….. 48
     表十一、各時間變項的雙因子交互作用………………………….. 49
     表十二、出現在朗讀中的停頓與句尾重合度…………………….. 50
     表十三、出現在主要文法單位間的停頓比例之顯著程度……….. 51
     表十四、出現在主要文法單位內的停頓比例之顯著程度……….. 51
     表十五、不同語言在各停頓時間中所佔比例…………………….. 52
     表十六、不同說話形式在不同停頓時間中所佔比例…………….. 53
     表十七、停頓時間、停頓比例與語句長度的相關係數檢定…….. 53		zh_TW
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#B2002001663en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 時間變項zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 停頓時間zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 停頓比例zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 發聲速度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 說話速度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語句長度zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) temporal variablesen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) pause timeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) pause percentageen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) articulation timeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) speech rateen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) utterance lengthen_US
dc.title (題名) 中國學生朗讀及說故事時靜默停頓的研究：華語和英語比較zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Reading Aloud and Story-telling in two Languages: A Study of Silent Pauseen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen_US
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 參考資料
     中文方面
     楊懿麗。1996。〈沉默是金 – 停頓學研究〉。《研究通訊第七期》。
      43-77。
     詹志禹、賴世培。1996。《應用統計》。國立空中大學印行。
     蔣自新、劉意青編譯。1997。《外國幽默小品一百篇》。台灣商務印
      書館發行。
     英文方面
     Anderson, John R. 1983. The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge,
      Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
     Anderson-Hiseh, Janet, and Horabail Venkatagiri. 1994. Syllable
      Duration and Pausing in the Speech of Chinese ESL Speakers.
      TESOL Quarterly 28(4), 807-12
     Barik, Henri C. 1977. Cross-Linguistic Study of Temporal
      Characteristics of Different Types of Speech Materials. Language
      and Speech 20, 116-127.
     Beattie, Geoffrey W. 1980. Encoding Units in Spontaneous Speech.
      In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.) Temporal Variables in
      Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda Goldman-Eisler. The Hague:
      Mouton, 131-142.
     Boomer, Donald S. 1965. Hesitation and Grammatical Encoding.
      Language and Speech 8, 148-158.
     Brubaker, R. S. 1972. Rate and Pause Characteristics of Oral
      Reading. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 1(2), 141-147.
     Carroll, David W. 1994. Psychology of Language. Pacific Grove,
      Califonia: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
     Chafe, Wallace. 1980. Some Reasons for Hesitating in Temporal
      Variables in Speech. In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.)
      Temporal Variables in Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda
      Goldman-Eisler. The Hague: Mouton, 169-180.
     
     Cheung, Him, and Susan Kemper. 1993. Recall and Articulation of
      English and Chinese Words by Chinese-English Bilinguals.
      Memory and Cognition 21, 666-670.
     Cook, Vivian. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language
      Teaching. London: Distributed in USA by Routledge, Chapman
      and Hall.
     Cook, Vivian. 1993. Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition.
      New York: St. Martin’s Press.
     Deese, James. 1980. Pauses, Prosody, and the Demands of Production
      in Language. In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.) Temporal
      Variables in Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda Goldman-Eisler.
      The Hague: Mouton, 69-84.
     Deschamps, Alain. 1980. The Syntactical Distribution of Pauses in
      English Spoken as a Second Language by French Students. In
      H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach (eds.) Temporal Variables in
      Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda Goldman-Eisler. The Hague:
      Mouton, 255-262.
     Duez, Danielle. 1982. Silent and Non-Silent Pauses in Three Speech
      Styles. Language and speech 25, 11-28.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1956. The Determinants of the Rate of
      Speech Output and Their Mutual Relations. Journal of
      Psychosomatic Research 1, 137-143.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1961a. The Significance of Changes in the
      Rate of Articulation. Language and Speech 4, 171-174.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1961b. The Distribution of Pauses Duration
      in Speech. Language and Speech 4, 232-237.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1967. Sequential Temporal Patterns and
      Cognitive Processes in Speech. Language and Speech 10, 122-
      132.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1968. Psycholinguistics: Experiments in
      Spontaneous Speech. London: Academic Press.
     Goldman-Eisler, Frieda. 1972. Pauses, Clauses, Sentences.
      Language and Speech 15, 103-113.
     Hardin, Erin E., Daniel C. O’Connell, and Sabine Kowal. 1998.
      Reading Aloud from Logographic and Alphabetic Texts:
      Comparisons Between Chinese and German. Journal of
      Psycholinguistic Research 27(3), 413-420.
     Henderson, Alan, Frieda Goldman-Eisler, and Andrew Skarbek. 1965.
      Temporal Patterns of Cognitive Activity and Breath Control in
      Speech. Language and Speech 8, 236-242.
     Johnson, Ruth, and Rita Moore. 1997. A Link Between Reading
      Proficiency and Native-like Use of Pausing in Speaking. Applied
      Language Learning 8(1), 25-42.
     
     Kowal, Sabin, Daniel C. O’Connell, and Edward J. Sabine. 1975.
      Development of Temporal Patterning and Vocal Hesitations in
      Spontaneous Narratives. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research
      4(3), 195-207.
     Kowal, Sabine, Daniel C. O’Connell, Eileen A. O’ Brien, and Ernest T.
      Bryant. 1975. Temporal Aspects of Reading Aloud and
      Speaking: Three Experiments. American Journal of Psychology
      88(4), 549-569.
     Levelt, W. J. M. 1989. Speaking: from Intention to Articulation.
      Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
     Li, Yi-fan. 1994. The Role of Silent Pauses in Conversation and Their
      Implication in Language Learning and Teaching. M. A. Thesis,
      Taipei: Fu-jen University.
     Lin, Lu-fang. 1995. A Pragmatic Study of the Role of Silence,
      Repetition, Overlap. M. A. Thesis, Taipei: Fu-jen University.
     McLaughlin, Barry, Tammi Rossman, and Beverly McLeod. 1983.
      Second Language Learning: An Information-Processing
      Perspective. Language Learning 33(2), 135-158.
     O’Connell, D. C. and Sabine Kowal. 1983. Pausology. In W. A.
      Sedelow and S. Y. Sedelow (eds.) Computers in language
      Research, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 221-299.
     Raupach, Manfred. 1980. Temporal Variables in First and Second
      Language Speech Production. In H. W. Dechert and M. Raupach
      (eds.) Temproal Variables in Speech: Studies in Honor of Frieda
      Goldman-Eisler. The Hague: Mouton, 263-270.
     Ruder, Kenneth F., and Paul J. Jensen. 1972. Fluent and Hesitation
      Pauses as a Function of Syntactic Complexity. Journal of
      Speech and Hearing Research 15, 49-60.
     Stenstr□m, Anna, Brita. 1986. A Study of Pauses as Demarcators in
      Discourse and Syntax. In Aarts-Jan and Williem Meijs (eds.)
      Corpus Linguistics: New Studies in the Analysis and Exploration of
      Computer Corpora. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 203-218.
     Wilkes, A. L. and Kennedy, R. A. 1969. Relationship Between
      Pausing and Retrieval Latency in Sentences of Varying
      Grammatical Form. Journal of Experimental Psychology 79, 241-
      245.
     Yang, I-li. 1997. The Pattern of Pauses in Monologues: A Case in
      Mandarin Chinese. National Chengchi University Journal 75,
      207-256.		zh_TW