俄羅斯影子經濟與貪污之研究

Abstract

本文旨在探討俄羅斯影子經濟現象，而在影子經濟包羅萬象的形式中，又以當前俄羅斯最重要議題之一的貪污為主要分析主題。本文內容主要可以分為三部分：第一部分，首先釐清影子經濟與貪污概念，並闡述影子經濟於蘇聯末期發展情況以了解其背景。第二部分，探討蘇聯解體後俄羅斯向市場經濟轉型時期影子經濟的轉變，以及貪污的主要模式。第三部分，剖析普欽任總統時期俄羅斯影子經濟的發展，自不同面向檢視貪污情形，並闡釋影子經濟與貪污的關係。\n\n 本文將影子經濟內涵界定為家戶經濟，非正式經濟活動，與犯罪經濟活動。其中，貪污屬犯罪經濟活動範疇，且又以政府部門的貪污影響最劇。俄羅斯影子經濟自蘇聯末期開始快速發展，向市場經濟轉型時期，由於各類必要制度的缺乏，改革措施導致影子經濟規模擴展，許多影子關係亦於此時期制度化。二十一世紀初期，俄羅斯影子經濟受葉爾欽時期遺續影響，規模仍大。然而，普欽第一任總統任期中，影子經濟與貪污情況皆有所改善。但於第二任期間因政府治理品質惡化，行政體系問題，以及整體民主自由度的下降，導致貪污再次成長。最後本文指出，貪污不僅為影子經濟中主要制度之一，且為促使非法影子經濟發展的主要根源。因此，本文認為，欲抑制削減非法影子經濟應得從打擊貪污著手，並嘗試提出降低貪污規模的辦法。

The main purpose of this article is to explore the phenomena of shadow economy in Russia. And in the multiform shadow economy, the most topical issue in Russia today – corruption has been chosen as the core of our analysis. Contents of this article can be divided into three parts: first of all, the concepts of the shadow economy and corruption are defined. Meanwhile, the development of the shadow economy in the late Soviet era is introduced as background knowledge. In the second part, the evolution of the shadow economy during Russia’s transition to market economy, as well as specific models of corruption are expounded. The third part presents an analysis of the development of the shadow economy in Putin’s period, examines corruption from different dimensions, and interprets the relations between shadow economy and corruption. \n\n In this article the shadow economy includes following three kinds of activities: household economic activities, unofficial economic activities, and illegal economic activities. As one kind of illegal economic activities, corruption of government officials has the most serious impact. The shadow economy in Russia spread quickly in the last years of Soviet Union. Afterward throughout the economic transition, owing to lack of essential institutions, market reforms stimulated expansion of the scale of the shadow economy. Diverse shadow relations and behaviors were also institutionalized in that period. While at the beginning of Putin’s regime, because of the legacy of his predecessor, the scale of the shadow economy remained high, in Putin’s first term the situations of the shadow economy and corruption indeed had been improved. Nevertheless, due to deterioration of the quality of governance, problems in the administrative system, and a decline in the level of democratic freedom, corruption again wildly grew in his second term. Corruption is seen in this article as a primary institution of the shadow economy and the root of illegal shadow economy. Thus it is considered in this article that restraining illegal shadow economy must start from combating corruption, and few possible methods of reducing corruption are purposed.