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題名 Pretty與 Charming之辨析：以語料庫與心理語言學為本的研究
Distinguishing Pretty and Charming: A corpus-based and psycholinguistic study作者 游雅嵐
Yu, Ya-Lan貢獻者 鍾曉芳
Chung, Siaw-Fong
游雅嵐
Yu, Ya-Lan關鍵詞 pretty
charming
形容詞近義詞
語料庫
心理語言實驗
Pretty
Charming
Near synonymous adjectives
Corpus
Psycholinguistic judgement task日期 2019 上傳時間 1-Jul-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8) 摘要 在英語學習環境中，近義詞的誤用為常見之語言現象之一。學習者通常倚賴字典提供的語意，而忽略了其語言使用環境的不同。然而，近義詞之間的差異是微小、難以察覺的。本研究旨在透過語料庫為本的方法，分析近義詞pretty和charming的描述對象。此外，為得知學習者的學習困難，本研究也進行了以語料庫為基礎的心理語言學實驗測試搭配詞的接受度。語料庫分析結果從不同角度展現了pretty和charming之相同與相異之處。其一，就語意分析得知，兩者皆能用來描述人和物體的吸引力。研究也發現，男性及女性都能被描述為pretty 或是charming。另外，在不同的語言環境中，這兩個形容詞皆具備表述褒義與貶義功能。其二，從句法結構與語域（register）表現得知，這兩個形容詞都偏好出現於名詞之前來修飾名詞，且他們較常被使用於非正式語域（例如: 口語和小說）。其三，從搭配詞分析可得知兩形容詞之主要差異如下：Pretty 傾向於形容人的外表與物體外觀（例如：面容以及洋裝）；而charming傾向於描述內在美，這種吸引力需要花較久時間思考與感受體驗（例如：個性、書）。其四，從分析心理語言實驗結果得知，搭配詞型態（pretty-only, charming-only, and common） 影響了受試者對於句子的接受度。而在三種搭配詞型態中，受試者對於pretty-only句子接受度最低，且較不熟悉。而在描述物體時，受試者似乎不確定這兩形容詞使用差異。由此可得知，受試者對於pretty 和charming的描述對象並不熟悉。基於所得結果，我們提出藉由分辨被修飾名詞的種類，可以探討pretty和charming兩者間使用差異。並嘗試解釋造成近義詞學習困難的原因。本研究透過語料庫結合心理實驗研究，提供近義詞學習困難之解釋方法。此發現可應用於英語教材設計與教學方法，並被視為相關近義詞分析研究基石。
One of the commonest lexical use problems in English learning context is related to near-synonyms. Many language learners rely on dictionaries to provide the denotational meaning of a lexical item but are less aware of the subtle differences embedded in contexts. The differences between near-synonyms are hard to identify and acquire for learners. The present thesis aims to analyze a pair of near synonymous adjectives, that is, pretty and charming, through the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). In addition, in order to understand the learning difficulty of learners, a psycholinguistic judgment task (an acceptability judgment task) based on the corpus data was also conducted.The corpus analysis demonstrated the similarities and differences between the two adjectives from several perspectives. First, from the semantic analysis, pretty and charming shared a sense of ‘describing someone or something as pleasant or attractive’. Both males and females can be modified by the two adjectives. Moreover, in different language contexts, the two target words can be used to express negative and positive discourse functions. Second, for syntactic position and register,pretty and charming were more commonly shown in the attributive position, tended to pre-modify the head of a noun phrase, and in informal registers (e.g., spoken and fiction). Third, as for collocational information, the main differences between the two adjectives were as follows: pretty was found to mainly co-occur with the outer beauty of people and objects (e.g., face, dress); charming tended to describe one’s inner beauty which takes more time to experience or think (e.g., personality, book). Fourth, from the analysis of psycholinguistic judgment task, one could find that the patterns of collocates (i.e.,pretty-only, charming-only, and common) may affect the participant’s judgment of the sentences. Among the three patterns, pretty-only gained the lowest degree of acceptability, which showed that the participants might be less familiar with the collocational use of the pretty-only pattern. Furthermore, when describing an object, the participants seemed to be uncertain about the use of the two adjectives.Based on the results, we proposed that identifying the source of beauty of their modified nouns could distinguish the uses among pretty and charming. The difference could also provide a possible reason for the difficulty of near-synonym acquisition. This thesis attempts to unveil the difficulties of learning a pair of near synonymous adjectives from the integrated corpus-based and empirical findings. The findings can be applied to the design of English teaching techniques and materials and may be regarded as the basis of analyzing synonymous adjectives in future studies.參考文獻 Bakar, K. (2014). Attitude and identity categorizations:a corpus-based study of gender representation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112(C), 747-756.Baker, P. (2014). Using corpora to analyze gender: LondonNew York: Bloomsbury.Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C. & McEnery, A. (2013). Discourse analysis and media attitudes: The representation of Islam in the British Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Barczewska, S., & Andreasen, A. (2018). Good or marvelous?Pretty, cute or lovely? Male and female adjective use inMICASE. Suvremena lingvistika, 44 (86), 194-213. https://doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2018.086.02Blaxter, T. T. (2014). Applying keyword analysis to gendered language in the Íslendingasögur. Nordic Journal of Linguistics,37(2), 169-198. doi:10.1017/S0332586514000171Bolinger, D. (1967). Adjective comparison: a semantic scale.Journal of English Linguistics, 1(1), 2-10.doi:10.1177/0075 42426700100102Bruce, R. F., & Wiebe, J. M. (1999). Recognizing subjectivity: A case study in manual tagging. Natural Language Engineering,5(2), 187-205.doi:10.1017/S1351324999002181Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, NY: Routledge.Caldas-Coulthard, C. R., & Moon, R. (2010). ‘Curvy, hunky,kinky’: Using corpora as tools for critical analysis. Discourse & Society, 21(2), 99-133. doi:10.1177/0957926509353843Cameron, D. (2005). Language, gender, and sexuality: current issues and new directions. Applied Linguistics, 26(4), 482-502.doi:10.1093/applin/ami027Chung, S. F., & Chen, L. Y. (2015). A corpus-based comparison of near-synonymous adjectives in general English and in academic writing. Taiwan International ESP Journal, 7(2), 1-23.Church, K. W., and Hanks, P. (1990). Word association norms,mutual information,and lexicography. Comput.Linguist,16(1), 22-29.Crabb, P. B., & Marciano, D. L. (2011). Representations of material culture and gender in award-winning children`s books: A 20-year follow-up. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 25(4),390-398. doi:10.1080/02568543.201 1.605209Cronin, C., & Jreisat, S. (1995). Effects of modeling on the use of nonsexist language among high school fresh persons and seniors. Sex Roles, 33(11), 819-830.doi:10.1007/BF01544781Cruse, D. A. (1986). Lexical semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Edmonds, P., & Hirst, G. (2002). Near-Synonymy and Lexical Choice.Computational Linguistics, 28(2), 105-144.doi:10.1162/089120102760173625Haily, T.H., & Jung, C. K. (2015). A Corpus Investigation: The Similarities and Differences of cute, pretty and beautiful. 3L;Language, Linguistics and Literature, The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies. 21 (3). pp. 125-140. ISSN 0128-5157Ho, R. (2006). Handbook of univariate and multivariate data analysis with IBM SPSS. In (2nd Ed.). Boca Raton: Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.Hoffmann, K. (2014). A corpus-based analysis of the near synonyms nice,kind,lovely, friendly, gorgeous and pleasant. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/7541436/A_corpusbased_analysis_of_the_nearsynonyms_nice_kind_lovely_friendly_gorgeous_and_pleasantJackson, C. (2006). ‘Wild’ girls? An exploration of ‘ladette’cultures in secondary schools. Gender and Education, 18(4), 339-360.doi:10.1080/09540250600804966Kamiński, M. (2017). Visualization of collocational preferences for near-synonym discrimination. Lexikos, 27, 237-251.Keck, C., & Kim, Y. (2014). Pedagogical Grammar. Amsterdam,Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Khokhlova, N. (2014). Understanding of abstract nouns in linguistic disciplines. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 136(C), 8-11.Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and Woman`s Place. Language in Society,2(1), 45-80.Lee, C., & Liu, J. (2009). Effects of collocation information on learning lexical semantics for near synonym distinction. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing 14(2), 205-220.Liu, D. (2010). Is it a chief, main, major, primary, or principal concern? A corpus-based behavioral profile study of the near-synonyms.International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 15(1), 56-87.Lyons, J. (1968). Introduction to theoretical linguistics. London:Cambridge University Press.Macalister, J. (2011). Flower-girl and bugler-boy no more: Changing gender representation in writing for children. Corpora, 6(1), 25-44.doi:10.3366/cor.2011.0003Merriam-Webster, Inc (Ed.). (1984). Merriam-Webster`s dictionary of synonyms.Merriam-Webster.Moon, R. (2014). From gorgeous to grumpy: Adjectives, age and gender.Gender & Language, 8(1),5-41.Murphy, M. L. (2003). Semantic relations and the lexicon antonymy,synonymy and other paradigms. In MyiLibrary (Ed.), Semantic Relations & the Lexicon. Cambridge, U.K. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Önem, E. E. (2017). Gender related differences in using intensive adverbs in Turkish.Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 13(2),182-189.Partington, A. (1998). Patterns and meanings: Using corpora for English language research and teaching (Vol. 2). John Benjamins Publishing.Pearce, M. (2008). Investigating the collocational behaviour of man and woman in the BNC using Sketch Engine 1. Corpora, 3(1), 1-29. doi:10.366/E174950320800004XPeters, I. & Peters, W. (2000) The treatment of adjectives in SIMPLE:Theoretical observations, in Proceedings of LREC 2000.Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive grammar of the English language. London, New York:London New York: Longman.Rittman, R., Wacholder, N., Kantor, P., Ng, K. B., Strzalkowski, T., & Sun, Y. (2004). Adjectives as indicators of subjectivity in documents. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 41(1), 349-359. doi:10.1002/meet.1450410141Romera, M. (2014). The transmission of gender stereotypes in the discourse of public educational spaces. Discourse & Society, 26(2),205-229. doi:10.1177/0957926514556203Schulz, M. (1975). The semantic derogation of woman. New York: Thorne and Henley.Sinclair, J. M. (2004). Trust the text language, corpus and discourse. In R. Carter & MyiLibrary (Eds.). London: London: Routledge.Sullivan, F. R., Kapur, M., Madden, S., & Shipe, S. (2015). Exploring the role of "gendered" discourse styles in online science discussions.International Journal of Science Education, 37(3), 484-504. doi:10.1080/09500693.2014.994113Sunderland, J. (2004). Gendered discourses. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England] New York: Basingstoke, Hampshire England New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Sunderland, J. (2006). ‘Parenting’ or ‘mothering’? The case of modern childcare magazines. Discourse & Society, 17(4), 503-528. doi:10.1177/0957926506063126Tannen, D. (1990). You just don`t understand: women and men in conversation: New York: Morrow.Taylor, J. R. (2002). Near synonyms as co-extensive categories:high’ and tall revisited. Language Sciences, 25, 263–284.Thomson, R., & Murachver, T. (2001). Predicting gender from electronic discourse.British Journal of Social Psychology (40), 193-208.Thomson, R., Murachver, T., & Green, J. (2001). Where Is the Gender in Gendered Language? Psychological Science, 12(2), 171-175.Weitzman, L. J., Eifler, D., Hokada, E., & Ross, C. (1972). Sex-role socialization in picture books for preschool children. American Journal of Sociology, 77(6), 1125-1150.Charming. (n.d.). Collins’ COBUILD Advanced Learning English Dictionary.Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/charming.Charming.(n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from https:// www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/charming.Charming.(n.d.). Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved fromhttps://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/charming.Pretty.(n.d.). Collins’ COBUILD Advanced Learning English Dictionary.Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pretty.Pretty.(n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pretty.Pretty.(n.d.). Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved fromhttps://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pretty. 描述 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學系
104551016資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104551016 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 鍾曉芳 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Chung, Siaw-Fong en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 游雅嵐 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Yu, Ya-Lan en_US dc.creator (作者) 游雅嵐 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Yu, Ya-Lan en_US dc.date (日期) 2019 en_US dc.date.accessioned 1-Jul-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 1-Jul-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Jul-2019 10:38:27 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0104551016 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/124088 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 英國語文學系 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 104551016 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在英語學習環境中，近義詞的誤用為常見之語言現象之一。學習者通常倚賴字典提供的語意，而忽略了其語言使用環境的不同。然而，近義詞之間的差異是微小、難以察覺的。本研究旨在透過語料庫為本的方法，分析近義詞pretty和charming的描述對象。此外，為得知學習者的學習困難，本研究也進行了以語料庫為基礎的心理語言學實驗測試搭配詞的接受度。語料庫分析結果從不同角度展現了pretty和charming之相同與相異之處。其一，就語意分析得知，兩者皆能用來描述人和物體的吸引力。研究也發現，男性及女性都能被描述為pretty 或是charming。另外，在不同的語言環境中，這兩個形容詞皆具備表述褒義與貶義功能。其二，從句法結構與語域（register）表現得知，這兩個形容詞都偏好出現於名詞之前來修飾名詞，且他們較常被使用於非正式語域（例如: 口語和小說）。其三，從搭配詞分析可得知兩形容詞之主要差異如下：Pretty 傾向於形容人的外表與物體外觀（例如：面容以及洋裝）；而charming傾向於描述內在美，這種吸引力需要花較久時間思考與感受體驗（例如：個性、書）。其四，從分析心理語言實驗結果得知，搭配詞型態（pretty-only, charming-only, and common） 影響了受試者對於句子的接受度。而在三種搭配詞型態中，受試者對於pretty-only句子接受度最低，且較不熟悉。而在描述物體時，受試者似乎不確定這兩形容詞使用差異。由此可得知，受試者對於pretty 和charming的描述對象並不熟悉。基於所得結果，我們提出藉由分辨被修飾名詞的種類，可以探討pretty和charming兩者間使用差異。並嘗試解釋造成近義詞學習困難的原因。本研究透過語料庫結合心理實驗研究，提供近義詞學習困難之解釋方法。此發現可應用於英語教材設計與教學方法，並被視為相關近義詞分析研究基石。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) One of the commonest lexical use problems in English learning context is related to near-synonyms. Many language learners rely on dictionaries to provide the denotational meaning of a lexical item but are less aware of the subtle differences embedded in contexts. The differences between near-synonyms are hard to identify and acquire for learners. The present thesis aims to analyze a pair of near synonymous adjectives, that is, pretty and charming, through the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). In addition, in order to understand the learning difficulty of learners, a psycholinguistic judgment task (an acceptability judgment task) based on the corpus data was also conducted.The corpus analysis demonstrated the similarities and differences between the two adjectives from several perspectives. First, from the semantic analysis, pretty and charming shared a sense of ‘describing someone or something as pleasant or attractive’. Both males and females can be modified by the two adjectives. Moreover, in different language contexts, the two target words can be used to express negative and positive discourse functions. Second, for syntactic position and register,pretty and charming were more commonly shown in the attributive position, tended to pre-modify the head of a noun phrase, and in informal registers (e.g., spoken and fiction). Third, as for collocational information, the main differences between the two adjectives were as follows: pretty was found to mainly co-occur with the outer beauty of people and objects (e.g., face, dress); charming tended to describe one’s inner beauty which takes more time to experience or think (e.g., personality, book). Fourth, from the analysis of psycholinguistic judgment task, one could find that the patterns of collocates (i.e.,pretty-only, charming-only, and common) may affect the participant’s judgment of the sentences. Among the three patterns, pretty-only gained the lowest degree of acceptability, which showed that the participants might be less familiar with the collocational use of the pretty-only pattern. Furthermore, when describing an object, the participants seemed to be uncertain about the use of the two adjectives.Based on the results, we proposed that identifying the source of beauty of their modified nouns could distinguish the uses among pretty and charming. The difference could also provide a possible reason for the difficulty of near-synonym acquisition. This thesis attempts to unveil the difficulties of learning a pair of near synonymous adjectives from the integrated corpus-based and empirical findings. The findings can be applied to the design of English teaching techniques and materials and may be regarded as the basis of analyzing synonymous adjectives in future studies. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents CHINESE ABSTRACT xENGLISH ABSTRACT xiiCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONBackground Information and Motivation of the Study 1CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REEVIEW 92.1 Near-Synonyms 92.1.1 Definitions of Near-Synonyms 92.1.2 The Variations of Near-Synonyms 102.1.3 Collocational Analysis 122.2 Sub-Classification of Adjectives 132.2.1 Syntactic Sub-Classification of Adjectives 142.2.2 Semantic Sub-Classification of Adjectives 162.3 Semantic Categories of Haily and Jung (2015) 192.4 The Relation between Gender and Language 222.5 Corpus Linguistic Studies on Gender 302.5.1 Collocational Information 302.5.2 Keyword Analysis 322.6 Psycholinguistic Experiments 35CHAPTER 3 CORPUS ANALYSIS 393.1 Methodology of the Corpus Study 393.1.1 The Corpus—the Corpus of Contemporary AmericanEnglish (COCA) 393.1.2 The Establishment of a Coding Scheme 403.2 Results of the Corpus Study 473.2.1 Semantic Distribution 483.2.2 The Distribution of Gender Roles of the ModifiedPeople 513.2.3 Collocational Information 523.2.4 Comparison of ‘Pretty’ and ‘Charming’ inDifferent Genres in the COCA 603.2.5 Syntactic Roles of ‘Pretty’ and ‘Charming’ 66CHAPTER 4 PSYCHOLINGUISTIC JUDGEMENT TASK 694.1 Methods of Psycholinguistic Judgement Task 694.1.1 The Design of Questionnaire 694.1.2 Grading Criteria 744.1.3 Samples of the Questionnaires A and B 744.1.4 Participants and Procedures of Questionnaires 774.1.5 Data Analysis 784.2 Results of the Person-Stimuli 794.2.2 The Source of beauty ⅹ Patterns Interaction 804.2.3. The Source of Beauty ⅹ Patterns ⅹ GenderInteraction 834.3 Results of the Object-Stimuli 85The Source of Beauty ⅹ Patterns Interaction 85CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 935.1 Major Findings in the Present Study 935.2 Teaching Suggestions 97CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 1016.1 Overall Summary 1016.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Studies 103REFERENCES 105APPENDIX ONE Questionnaire A 109APPENDIX TWO Questionnaire B 111 zh_TW dc.format.extent 1218757 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0104551016 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) pretty zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) charming zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 形容詞近義詞 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語料庫 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 心理語言實驗 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pretty en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Charming en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Near synonymous adjectives en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Corpus en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Psycholinguistic judgement task en_US dc.title (題名) Pretty與 Charming之辨析：以語料庫與心理語言學為本的研究 zh_TW dc.title (題名) Distinguishing Pretty and Charming: A corpus-based and psycholinguistic study en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bakar, K. (2014). Attitude and identity categorizations:a corpus-based study of gender representation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112(C), 747-756.Baker, P. (2014). Using corpora to analyze gender: LondonNew York: Bloomsbury.Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C. & McEnery, A. (2013). Discourse analysis and media attitudes: The representation of Islam in the British Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Barczewska, S., & Andreasen, A. (2018). Good or marvelous?Pretty, cute or lovely? Male and female adjective use inMICASE. Suvremena lingvistika, 44 (86), 194-213. https://doi.org/10.22210/suvlin.2018.086.02Blaxter, T. T. (2014). Applying keyword analysis to gendered language in the Íslendingasögur. Nordic Journal of Linguistics,37(2), 169-198. doi:10.1017/S0332586514000171Bolinger, D. (1967). Adjective comparison: a semantic scale.Journal of English Linguistics, 1(1), 2-10.doi:10.1177/0075 42426700100102Bruce, R. F., & Wiebe, J. M. (1999). 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