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題名 情緒詞類、人稱指涉、及個人社會認知能力對語句處理的影響
The Influence of Emotional Word Type, Personal Reference, and Individual Social Cognitive Ability on Sentence Processing作者 許涴筑
Hsu, Wan-Chu貢獻者 賴瑶鍈
Lai, Yao-Ying
許涴筑
Hsu, Wan-Chu關鍵詞 語句處理
情緒詞類
人稱指涉
社會認知能力
語言即時理解
Sentence processing
Emotional word type
Personal reference
Social cognitive ability
Real-time language comprehension日期 2024 上傳時間 6-Aug-2024 14:00:33 (UTC+8) 摘要 本研究旨在探討語句的處理是否會因不同的情緒詞類、人稱指涉、及社會認知能力的個體差異而產生影響。過去有諸多探討情緒語言的心理與神經語言學實驗，但大多是在單詞層級。本研究針對句子層級，檢視語言理解者如何處理文句語境中的情緒詞。情緒詞彙可分二類：情緒標籤詞 (emotion-label words)，詞彙語意直接指涉特定情緒，像是「快樂的」、「悲傷的」；情緒負載詞 (emotion-laden words) ，在詞語字面意義之上隱含情緒意涵，像是「光明的」、「灰暗的」。而情緒與他人或自身相關，在語言中透過與之搭配的人稱指涉詞來表述 (self- vs. other-relevant)；以不同人稱觀點來表述是否會影響情緒語言的處理仍未知。此外，過去文獻指出社會認知能力會影響個人情緒訊息的接收及語句內容的處理，故此研究也檢視此個體差異因素如何左右情緒語言的處理歷程。 本研究包含兩項前測實驗及一項主要實驗。前測一為線上問卷，請臺灣華語母語者將形容詞歸類至情緒標籤或情緒負載詞，用來建構主實驗的刺激材料句。前測二為自然通順程度的評分問卷，確保各條件語句對母語者來說皆自然通順且無顯著差異。主實驗為自訂步調閱讀任務，以閱讀時長 (reading times, RTs) 推測理解歷程、並以自閉症量表指數衡量個人社會認知能力。實驗結果顯示，情緒詞類及社會認知能力的個體差異對句子的即時處理皆產生顯著影響。語句中情緒標籤詞的閱讀時間長於情緒負載詞，可能是由於閱讀文句語境中的情緒標籤詞時，理解者除了建構整體句意表徵，還須處理額外的情緒意涵，因此引起較長的閱讀時間；反之，人們在文句語境中可能較容易忽略情緒負載詞隱含的情緒意涵，僅處理字面層次的意義。此外，社會認知能力較低者閱讀語句時的時間較長（與社會認知能力較高者相比），顯示了情緒語句處理上的困難；推測與整合語句內容（包含情緒詞及人稱指涉）的速度較慢、及忖度他人/自身心理狀態的能力較弱有關。或者，也可能是由於社會認知能力較低者閱讀態度較為謹慎造成。另一方面，人稱指涉的效果在實驗檢視的關鍵情緒詞區未達顯著，顯示了此因素對情緒語句的處理歷程沒有影響。 本研究將情緒詞帶入語句中，觀察在不同人稱指涉下、不同社會認知能力者的閱讀理解歷程，補充了在語句層次處理情緒語言的實驗結果，同時揭示社會認知個體差異的影響，予現有之理論提供實證回饋。未來研究或許可進一步探討情緒語言與人稱指涉的交互作用，以及多方探討語句中情緒訊息的處理。
The present study aims to investigate the real-time comprehension of emotional sentences, by manipulating emotional Word Type, Personal Reference, and social cognitive ability (SCA). While previous experimental studies have demonstrated an effect of emotional word type on processing at the lexical level, the current study targets the processing of emotional word type at the sentential level. Emotional words can be categorized into two types: emotion-label words that refer to emotional states (e.g., happy, sad), and emotion-laden words that imply certain emotion alongside their semantic denotation (e.g., bright, dark). Meanwhile, emotional words typically predicate individuals, related to others or ourselves. It remains unclear if taking different perspectives to comprehend emotional word types would factor into processing. Additionally, previous work has suggested that individual SCA affects the perception of emotional words and sentence processing. I therefore examine if the processing of emotional sentences modulated by emotional word types would vary with this individual difference. The present thesis comprises two norming studies and the main self-paced reading experiment. Norming Study 1 was an online questionnaire that asked native speakers of Taiwanese Mandarin to categorize adjectives into different Word Types. The categorized words were then used to construct experimental sentences. Norming Study 2 assessed the naturalness of experimental sentences in an online questionnaire to ensure the feasible stimuli. The ensuing main experiment adopted a self-paced reading task with a moving-window paradigm to measure reading times (RTs) to probe realtime processing; the participants took the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) as a measurement of individual SCA. Results showed a significant effect of emotional Word Type, such that sentences with emotion-laden words had shorter RTs than the counterparts with emotion-label words. I posited that in comprehending sentences containing emotion-label words, participants were tasked not only with constructing semantic representations but also with integrating emotional properties into the sentences. On the contrary, in sentences containing emotion-laden words, people may overlook the underlying emotional properties and focus solely on processing the literal meanings. Additionally, the effect of individual SCA was also significant, indicating longer RTs for those with lower SCA. This phenomenon is potentially influenced by Personal Reference and emotional Word Type. More crucially, the weaker ability to integrate sentence contents and empathize with or reflect on others’ and one’s own mind states may also contribute to this effect. Alternatively, it could be because people with lower SCA are more careful readers. However, the main effect of Personal Reference did not reach significance in the target emotion-word region examined in the experiment, indicating that Personal Reference does not influence the processing of emotional sentences. This research integrates emotional words into sentences to observe the processes of reading comprehension from different perspectives and with different levels of SCA, advancing our understanding of emotion language processing. Future study could further clarify the interaction between emotional expressions and personal reference, delving deeper into the processing of sentences containing emotional information.參考文獻 Ashwin, C., & Brosnan, M. (2019). The dual process theory of autism. Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making in Autism, p. 13-38. Routledge. Au-Yeung, S., Kaakinen, J. K., Liversedge, S. P., & Benson, V. (2015). Processing of written irony in autism spectrum disorder: an eye-movement study. 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國立政治大學
語言學研究所
110555006資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110555006 資料類型 thesis dc.contributor.advisor 賴瑶鍈 zh_TW dc.contributor.advisor Lai, Yao-Ying en_US dc.contributor.author (Authors) 許涴筑 zh_TW dc.contributor.author (Authors) Hsu, Wan-Chu en_US dc.creator (作者) 許涴筑 zh_TW dc.creator (作者) Hsu, Wan-Chu en_US dc.date (日期) 2024 en_US dc.date.accessioned 6-Aug-2024 14:00:33 (UTC+8) - dc.date.available 6-Aug-2024 14:00:33 (UTC+8) - dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 6-Aug-2024 14:00:33 (UTC+8) - dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0110555006 en_US dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/152967 - dc.description (描述) 碩士 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所 zh_TW dc.description (描述) 110555006 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本研究旨在探討語句的處理是否會因不同的情緒詞類、人稱指涉、及社會認知能力的個體差異而產生影響。過去有諸多探討情緒語言的心理與神經語言學實驗，但大多是在單詞層級。本研究針對句子層級，檢視語言理解者如何處理文句語境中的情緒詞。情緒詞彙可分二類：情緒標籤詞 (emotion-label words)，詞彙語意直接指涉特定情緒，像是「快樂的」、「悲傷的」；情緒負載詞 (emotion-laden words) ，在詞語字面意義之上隱含情緒意涵，像是「光明的」、「灰暗的」。而情緒與他人或自身相關，在語言中透過與之搭配的人稱指涉詞來表述 (self- vs. other-relevant)；以不同人稱觀點來表述是否會影響情緒語言的處理仍未知。此外，過去文獻指出社會認知能力會影響個人情緒訊息的接收及語句內容的處理，故此研究也檢視此個體差異因素如何左右情緒語言的處理歷程。 本研究包含兩項前測實驗及一項主要實驗。前測一為線上問卷，請臺灣華語母語者將形容詞歸類至情緒標籤或情緒負載詞，用來建構主實驗的刺激材料句。前測二為自然通順程度的評分問卷，確保各條件語句對母語者來說皆自然通順且無顯著差異。主實驗為自訂步調閱讀任務，以閱讀時長 (reading times, RTs) 推測理解歷程、並以自閉症量表指數衡量個人社會認知能力。實驗結果顯示，情緒詞類及社會認知能力的個體差異對句子的即時處理皆產生顯著影響。語句中情緒標籤詞的閱讀時間長於情緒負載詞，可能是由於閱讀文句語境中的情緒標籤詞時，理解者除了建構整體句意表徵，還須處理額外的情緒意涵，因此引起較長的閱讀時間；反之，人們在文句語境中可能較容易忽略情緒負載詞隱含的情緒意涵，僅處理字面層次的意義。此外，社會認知能力較低者閱讀語句時的時間較長（與社會認知能力較高者相比），顯示了情緒語句處理上的困難；推測與整合語句內容（包含情緒詞及人稱指涉）的速度較慢、及忖度他人/自身心理狀態的能力較弱有關。或者，也可能是由於社會認知能力較低者閱讀態度較為謹慎造成。另一方面，人稱指涉的效果在實驗檢視的關鍵情緒詞區未達顯著，顯示了此因素對情緒語句的處理歷程沒有影響。 本研究將情緒詞帶入語句中，觀察在不同人稱指涉下、不同社會認知能力者的閱讀理解歷程，補充了在語句層次處理情緒語言的實驗結果，同時揭示社會認知個體差異的影響，予現有之理論提供實證回饋。未來研究或許可進一步探討情緒語言與人稱指涉的交互作用，以及多方探討語句中情緒訊息的處理。 zh_TW dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present study aims to investigate the real-time comprehension of emotional sentences, by manipulating emotional Word Type, Personal Reference, and social cognitive ability (SCA). While previous experimental studies have demonstrated an effect of emotional word type on processing at the lexical level, the current study targets the processing of emotional word type at the sentential level. Emotional words can be categorized into two types: emotion-label words that refer to emotional states (e.g., happy, sad), and emotion-laden words that imply certain emotion alongside their semantic denotation (e.g., bright, dark). Meanwhile, emotional words typically predicate individuals, related to others or ourselves. It remains unclear if taking different perspectives to comprehend emotional word types would factor into processing. Additionally, previous work has suggested that individual SCA affects the perception of emotional words and sentence processing. I therefore examine if the processing of emotional sentences modulated by emotional word types would vary with this individual difference. The present thesis comprises two norming studies and the main self-paced reading experiment. Norming Study 1 was an online questionnaire that asked native speakers of Taiwanese Mandarin to categorize adjectives into different Word Types. The categorized words were then used to construct experimental sentences. Norming Study 2 assessed the naturalness of experimental sentences in an online questionnaire to ensure the feasible stimuli. The ensuing main experiment adopted a self-paced reading task with a moving-window paradigm to measure reading times (RTs) to probe realtime processing; the participants took the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) as a measurement of individual SCA. Results showed a significant effect of emotional Word Type, such that sentences with emotion-laden words had shorter RTs than the counterparts with emotion-label words. I posited that in comprehending sentences containing emotion-label words, participants were tasked not only with constructing semantic representations but also with integrating emotional properties into the sentences. On the contrary, in sentences containing emotion-laden words, people may overlook the underlying emotional properties and focus solely on processing the literal meanings. Additionally, the effect of individual SCA was also significant, indicating longer RTs for those with lower SCA. This phenomenon is potentially influenced by Personal Reference and emotional Word Type. More crucially, the weaker ability to integrate sentence contents and empathize with or reflect on others’ and one’s own mind states may also contribute to this effect. Alternatively, it could be because people with lower SCA are more careful readers. However, the main effect of Personal Reference did not reach significance in the target emotion-word region examined in the experiment, indicating that Personal Reference does not influence the processing of emotional sentences. This research integrates emotional words into sentences to observe the processes of reading comprehension from different perspectives and with different levels of SCA, advancing our understanding of emotion language processing. Future study could further clarify the interaction between emotional expressions and personal reference, delving deeper into the processing of sentences containing emotional information. en_US dc.description.tableofcontents 誌謝 i 摘要 ii Abstract iv Abbreviation List x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Purpose 1 1.2 Research Questions 5 1.3 Structure of This Thesis 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Emotional vs. Neutral (Non-emotional) Information 6 2.2 Effects of Valence in Emotion 8 2.2.1 Negativity Bias 8 2.2.2 Positivity Bias 10 2.3 Effects of Arousal in Emotion 12 2.4 Emotional Word Type: Emotion-label vs. Emotion-laden 14 2.5 Emotional Effects in Sentence Processing 18 2.6 The Processing of Personal Reference and Emotion 21 2.7 The Processing of Emotion and Individual Differences in Social Cognitive Ability 24 2.7.1 Atypical Processing of Emotion 25 2.7.2 Explicit and Implicit processing of emotion 26 2.7.3 Processing of Self-Relevant Personal Reference 28 Chapter 3 The Current Study: Hypotheses and Predictions 31 Chapter 4 Norming Studies 37 4.1 Norming Study 1—Word Type Categorization 37 4.1.1 Method 37 4.1.2 Results 43 4.1.3 Discussion 47 4.2 Norming Study 2—Naturalness-Rating Questionnaire for Sentences 48 4.2.1 Method 48 4.2.2 Results 53 Chapter 5 Self-Paced Reading Experiment 55 5.1 Method 55 5.1.1 Materials 55 5.1.2 Participants 56 5.1.3 Procedure 57 5.1.4 Data Analysis 59 5.2 Results 60 5.3 Discussion 64 Chapter 6 Discussion & Conclusion 67 References 73 Appendix 87 A. Norming Study 1: Properties of the critical adjectives 87 Negative Label Words 87 Negative Laden Words 88 Positive Label Words 89 Positive Laden Words 90 Neutral Words 91 B. Self-Paced Reading Experiment: Descriptive statistics of RTs (ms) for each condition in Window3 (Personal Reference), 4 (Personal Reference + 1), 5 (Word Type), and 8 (sentence-final position) 92 Window3 (Personal Reference) 92 Window4 (Personal Reference + 1) 93 Window5 (Word Type) 94 Window8 (sentence-final position) 95 zh_TW dc.format.extent 2449723 bytes - dc.format.mimetype application/pdf - dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0110555006 en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語句處理 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 情緒詞類 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 人稱指涉 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 社會認知能力 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語言即時理解 zh_TW dc.subject (關鍵詞) Sentence processing en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Emotional word type en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Personal reference en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Social cognitive ability en_US dc.subject (關鍵詞) Real-time language comprehension en_US dc.title (題名) 情緒詞類、人稱指涉、及個人社會認知能力對語句處理的影響 zh_TW dc.title (題名) The Influence of Emotional Word Type, Personal Reference, and Individual Social Cognitive Ability on Sentence Processing en_US dc.type (資料類型) thesis en_US dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ashwin, C., & Brosnan, M. 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