1. NCCU Academic Hub
  2. 學術產出
  3. College of Foreign Languages and Literature
  4. Theses
  5. Item

學術產出-Theses

Article View/Open

Publication Export

Google ScholarTM

政大圖書館

Citation Infomation

  • No doi shows Citation Infomation
題名 進階英語學習者在書面敘述文中指涉詞之使用
Advanced EFL Learners` Referential Forms in Written Narratives
作者 陳聰賓
Tsung-pin Chen
貢獻者 尤雪瑛
陳聰賓
Tsung-pin Chen
關鍵詞 指涉詞
referential form
日期 2008
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:25:23 (UTC+8)
摘要 本文主要在探討以英語為外語的進階學習者在書面敘述文中，對於指涉詞（referential form）的使用與分布情形，並且討論其篇章功能（discourse function）。本研究將學習者的指涉詞分為：零指稱詞（Zero），代名詞 （Pronoun），限定名詞組（Definite NP），專有名詞（Name），專有名詞加修飾語（Name + modifier）等五大類。研究發現學習者最常使用專有名詞與代名詞來指涉敘述文中的角色；而鮮少使用限定名詞組與專有名詞加修飾語。相較於其他指涉詞，代名詞最容易引起讀者混淆。專有名詞常被用來標示敘述文中個別事件的界線（episode boundary）。就指涉詞的篇章功能而言，學習者最常使用零指稱詞與代名詞來延續指涉（maintain）已被提及的對象；用專有名詞來重新提及（reintroduce）已被指涉的角色；用專有名詞、專有名詞加修飾語、非限定名詞組來介紹（introduce）敘述文中的人物。本研究也發現，指涉詞所表現的指涉距離長度值（referential distance value）符合讀者認知理解的需求：高訊息量的指涉詞（如專有名詞加修飾語），回指其先行詞的距離較長；低訊息量的指涉詞（如零指稱詞），回指其先行詞的距離較短。不過從讀者較度看來，進階學習者在指涉詞使用仍有未臻完美之處。學習者之所以未能完全掌握某些指涉詞的章法功能的原因，可能是受到母語影響，或忽略了某些指涉詞的規則。根據研究結果，本文亦提出指涉詞習得的建議：學習者應該進一步了解指涉詞在使用上篇章的考量。
The present study investigates advanced EFL learners’ referential forms in their written narratives. The purpose is to specify the distributional patterns of referential forms and their discourse function in learners’ narrative production. EFL learners’ referential forms are divided into five categories: Zero anaphora, Pronoun, Definite NP, Name, and Name + modifier. It is found that all learners unanimously use abundant Names and Pronouns in their written narratives, whereas the least frequent types are Definite NP and Name + modifier.
With respect to the discourse function, advanced learners tend to perform the function of Introduction by Name, Name + modifier, and Indefinite NP. When maintaining same subject topics, advanced learners tend to use Zero and Pronoun. And the Reintroduction functions are often fulfilled by Name. Overall, Pronoun is more likely to cause ambiguity than any other forms. And the abundant use of Names may have something to do with the marking of episode boundaries.
The referential distance values of the referential forms comply with the cognitive need of readers’ discourse processing. The more informative forms such as Name + modifier can refer back to their antecedents at a distance, while the semantically empty forms such as Pronoun can only refer back to their antecedents within few clauses. From readers’ perspective, there remain a few inappropriate referential forms in learners’ narratives, which may arise from L 1 interference or ignorance of rule restriction. The problematic use of referential forms suggests that although advanced learners can produce grammatically correct referential forms, they have not fully acquired the discourse function of these forms. It is recommended that the discourse aspects such as distance and episodic unit be considered when EFL learners use referential forms.
參考文獻 Alexander, L. G. (1988). Longman English Grammar. UK: Longman Group.
Ariel, Mira (1988). Referring and accessibility. Journal of linguistics, 24, 65-87.
-----. (1990). Accessing noun-phrase antecedents. New York: Routledge.
-----. (1996). Referring expressions and the ＋/－coreference distinction. In Thorstein
Fretheim, & Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.), Reference and referent accessibility (pp.
13-33). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Bamberg, Michael G. (1987). The acquisition of narratives. New York: Mouton de
Gruyter.
Bates, E., & MacWhinney, B. (1979). A functionalist approach to the acquisition of
grammar. In E. Ochs, & B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp.
167-211). New York: Academic Press.
Brown, Cheryl (1983). Topic continuity in written English narrative. In Talmy Givon
(Eds.), Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-linguistic study. (pp. 313-363). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Brown, Gillian, & Yule, George (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects,
topics, and point of view. In Charles N. Li (Eds.), Subjects and Topic. (pp. 25-55) New York: Academic Press.
-----. (1979). The flow of thought and the flow of language. In Talmy Givon
(Eds.), Syntax and semantics 12: Discourse and syntax (pp. 159-182). New York: Seminar Press.
-----. (1987). Cognitive constraints on information flow. In Talmy Givon (Eds.),
Coherence and grounding in discourse (pp. 21-52). Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
-----. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press.
-----. (1996). Inferring identifiability and accessibility. In Thorstein Fretheim,
& Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.) Reference and referent accessibility (pp. 37-46). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Chaudron, Craig, & Parker, Kate (1990). Discourse markedness and structural
markedness: The acquisition of English noun phrases. Studies in second language learning, 12, 43-64.
Chen, ping (1986). Referent introducing and tracking in Chinese narratives.
Unpublished dissertation, Department of Linguistics, UCLA.
Chen, Shu-hui E. (2000). Children’s L2 referential skills and its implications for
the EFL classroom.八十八學年度師範院校教育學術論文發表會論文集第二集。台北市：國立台北師範學院。
-----. (2002). The development of referential strategies in the English
narratives by Chinese children. In Yuchau E. Hsiao, (Eds.), Proceedings of the First Cognitive Linguistics Conference (pp.404-424). Taipei: Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Chengchi University.
Christensen, Matthew B. (2000). Anaphoric reference in spoken and written Chinese
narrative discourse. Journal of Chinese linguistics, 28 (2), 303-336.
Chui, Kawai (2001). Topic chains and grounding in Chinese discourse. Taipei: Crane
Publishing.
Clancy, Patricia M. (1980). Referential choice in English and Japanese narrative
discourse. In Wallace L. Chafe (Eds.), The Pear stories: Cognitive, cultural and linguistic aspects of narrative production (pp. 127-202). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
-----. (1992). Referential strategies in the narratives of Japanese children. Discourse
processes 15, 441-467.
Corder, Stephen Pit (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. London; New York:
Oxford University Press.
Donnellan, Keith S. (1966). Reference and definite descriptions. Philosophical review,
75, 281-304.
Dubois, J. W. (1980). Beyond definiteness: The trace of identity in discourse. In W. L
Chafe (Eds.), The Pear stories: Cognitive, cultural and linguistic aspects of narrative production (pp. 203-274). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Ellis, Rod (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford; New York:
Oxford University Press.
Fox, Barbara A. (1987a). Anaphora in popular written English narratives. In Russell S. Tomlin (Eds.), Coherence and Grounding in Discourse (pp. 157-174). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
-----. (1987b). Discourse structure and anaphora: Written and conversational English.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
-----. (1996). Studies in anaphora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Givon, Talmy (1981). Topic continuity in discourse: The functional domain of switch
reference. In Haiman, & P. Munro (Eds.), Switch reference and universal grammar (pp. 51-82). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
-----. (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: An introduction. In Talmy Givon (Eds.),
Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study (pp.1-41). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
-----. (1992). The grammar of referential coherence as mental processing instructions.
Linguistics, 30, 5-55.
-----. (1993) English grammar: A function-based introduction. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
-----. (1995). Coherence in text vs. coherence in mind. In Morton Ann Gernsbacher, &
Talmy Givon (Eds.), Coherence in spontaneous text (pp. 59-115). Amsterdam;
Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Greenbaum, Sydney (1991). An introduction to English grammar. Harlow: Longman.
Gundel, Jeanette K. (1978). Stress, pronominalization and the given-new distinction.
University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics, 10 (2), 1-13.
-----. (1985). “Shared knowledge” and topicality. Journal of pragmatics, 9 (1),
83-107.
Gundel, Jeanette K., Hedberg, Nancy, & Zacharski, Ron (1993). Cognitive status and
the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language, 69 (2), 274-307.
Gundel, Jeanette K., & Tarone, E. (1983). Language transfer and the acquisition of
pronominal anaphora. In S. Gass, & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer and
language learning (pp. 281-296). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward
Arnold.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Halmari, Helena (1996). On accessibility and coreference. In Thorstein Fretheim,
& Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.), Reference and referent accessibility (pp. 155-178).
Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Haviland, S. E., & Clark, H. H. (1974). What’s new? Acquiring new information as a
process in comprehension. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 13, 512-521.
Hinds, John (1977). Paragraph structure and pronominalization. Paper in linguistics,
10, 77-99.
-----. (1979). Organizational patterns in discourse. In Talmy Givon (Eds.), Syntax and
semantics, 12 (pp. 135-158). New York: Academic Press.
-----. (1983). Topic continuity in Japanese. In Talmy Givon (Eds.), Topic
continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study (pp.43-93). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Huang, Shuanfan (1992). Getting to know referring expression: Anaphor and
accessibility in Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at the fifth Conference on Computational Linguistics. Taipei.
Huang, Yan (1989). Anaphora in Chinese: Toward a pragmatic analysis. Unpublished Ph. D dissertation. University of Cambridge.
-----. (2000a). Discourse anaphora: Four theoretical models. Journal of pragmatics, 32, 151-176.
-----. (2000b). Anaphora: A cross-linguistic approach. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Huddleston, Rodney (1984). Introduction to the grammar of English. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Hurford, James R. (1994). Grammar: A student’s guide. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Jacobs, Roderick A. (1995). English syntax: A grammar for English language
professionals. New York : Oxford University Press.
Keenan, Edward L., & Comrie, Bernard (1977). Noun phrase accessibility and
universal grammar. Linguistic inquiry, 8 (1), 63-99.
Kucera, H., & Francis, R. N. (1967). A computational analysis of present day English.
Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
Kuno, Susumu (1976). Subject, theme, and speaker’s empathy: A re-examination of
relativization phenomena. In Li, C. N. (Eds.), Subject and topic (pp. 419-444). New York: Academic Press.
-----. (1987). Functional syntax: Anaphora, discourse and empathy. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1967). Narrative analysis: Oral version of personal
experience. In J. Helm (Eds.), Essays on the verbal and visual arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Lai, Shiang-ru (1997). Anaphora in Chinese-speaking children’s spoken narratives.
Unpublished MA Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Lambrecht, Knud (1994). Information structure and sentence form: Topic, focus, and
the mental representations of discourse referents. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Leech, Geoffrey N. (1975). A communicative grammar of English. London: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Li, C. Ing (1985). Participant anaphora in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished Ph. D.
dissertation, University of Florida.
Li, Charles N., & Sandra A. Thompson (1979). Third-person pronouns and
zero-anaphora in Chinese discourse. In Talmy Givon (Eds.), Syntax and
semantics 12: Discourse and syntax (pp. 311-335). New York: Academic Press.
Li, Wendan (2000). Numeral-classifiers as a grounding mechanism in Mandarin
Chinese. Journal of Chinese linguistics, 28 (2), 337-367.
Lin, Helena I-ling (1992). Anaphora in written and spoken Chinese narratives.
Unpublished MA Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Lyons, John (1977). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-----. (1979). Deixis and anaphora. In Terry Myers (Eds.), The development of
conversation and discourse. (pp. 88-103). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press.
Maclin, Alice (1981). Reference guide to English: A handbook of English as a second
language. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
McCarthy, Michael (1991). Discourse analysis for language teachers. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Pu, Ming-ming (1995). Anaphoric patterning in English and Mandarin narrative
production. Discourse processes, 19, 279-300.
Reinhart, Tanya (1983). Anaphora and semantic interpretation. London,
Sydney: Croom Helm.
Robinett, Betty Wallace, & Schachter, Jacquelyn (1983). Second language
learning: Contrastive analysis, error analysis, and related aspects. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press.
Rumelhart, David E. (1975). Notes on a schema for stories. In D. Bobrow, & A.
Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding. New York: Academic Press.
Sag, I., & Hankamer, J. (1984). Toward a theory of anaphoric processing. Linguistics
and philosophy, 7 (3), 325-345.
Sanford, Anthony J., & Garrod, Simon C. (1981). Understanding written
language: Explorations in comprehension beyond the sentence. New York:
Wiley.
Strawson, P. F. (1950). On referring. Mind, 61, 320-344.
Sung, Ming-hui (2004). Chinese and English referential strategies in Taiwanese
elementary school students’ spoken narratives. Unpublished MA Thesis. Taipei: National Taipei Teachers College.
Tai, James H-Y (1978). Anaphoric restraints in Mandarin Chinese narrative
discourse. In John Hinds (Eds.), Anaphora in discourse (pp. 279-338). Edmonton, Alberta: Linguistic Research.
Tomlin, Russell S. (1987). Linguistic reflections of cognitive events. In Russell
S. Tomlin (Eds.), Coherence and grounding in discourse (pp. 455-479). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Tomlin, Russell S., & Pu, Ming Ming (1991). The management of reference in
Mandarin discourse. Cognitive Linguistics 2 (1), 65-93.
Tsao, Feng-fu (1979). A functional study of topic in Chinese: The first step toward
discourse analysis. Taipei: Student Book.
-----. (1990). Sentence and clause structure in Chinese: A functional
perspective. Taipei: Student Book.
Toole, Janine (1996). The effect of genre on referential choice. In Thorstein Fretheim,
& Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.), Reference and referent accessibility (pp. 263-290).
Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
van Dijk, Teun A. (1982). Episodes as units of discourse analysis. In Deborah Tannen
(Eds.) Analyzing discourse: Text and talk (pp. 177-195). Washington D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
-----. (1987). Episodic models in discourse processing. In R. Horowitz, & S. J.
Samuels (Eds.), Comprehending oral and written language (pp. 161-196). CA: Academic Press.
William, Jessica (1988). Zero anaphora in second language acquisition: A comparison
among three varieties of English. Studies in second language acquisition, 10, 339-370.
Yule, G. (1981). New, current and displaced entity reference. Lingua, 55, 41-52.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
93555011
97
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093555011
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 尤雪瑛zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳聰賓zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Tsung-pin Chenen_US
dc.creator (作者) 陳聰賓zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Tsung-pin Chenen_US
dc.date (日期) 2008en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:25:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:25:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:25:23 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0093555011en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33376-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 93555011zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 97zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本文主要在探討以英語為外語的進階學習者在書面敘述文中，對於指涉詞（referential form）的使用與分布情形，並且討論其篇章功能（discourse function）。本研究將學習者的指涉詞分為：零指稱詞（Zero），代名詞 （Pronoun），限定名詞組（Definite NP），專有名詞（Name），專有名詞加修飾語（Name + modifier）等五大類。研究發現學習者最常使用專有名詞與代名詞來指涉敘述文中的角色；而鮮少使用限定名詞組與專有名詞加修飾語。相較於其他指涉詞，代名詞最容易引起讀者混淆。專有名詞常被用來標示敘述文中個別事件的界線（episode boundary）。就指涉詞的篇章功能而言，學習者最常使用零指稱詞與代名詞來延續指涉（maintain）已被提及的對象；用專有名詞來重新提及（reintroduce）已被指涉的角色；用專有名詞、專有名詞加修飾語、非限定名詞組來介紹（introduce）敘述文中的人物。本研究也發現，指涉詞所表現的指涉距離長度值（referential distance value）符合讀者認知理解的需求：高訊息量的指涉詞（如專有名詞加修飾語），回指其先行詞的距離較長；低訊息量的指涉詞（如零指稱詞），回指其先行詞的距離較短。不過從讀者較度看來，進階學習者在指涉詞使用仍有未臻完美之處。學習者之所以未能完全掌握某些指涉詞的章法功能的原因，可能是受到母語影響，或忽略了某些指涉詞的規則。根據研究結果，本文亦提出指涉詞習得的建議：學習者應該進一步了解指涉詞在使用上篇章的考量。zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The present study investigates advanced EFL learners’ referential forms in their written narratives. The purpose is to specify the distributional patterns of referential forms and their discourse function in learners’ narrative production. EFL learners’ referential forms are divided into five categories: Zero anaphora, Pronoun, Definite NP, Name, and Name + modifier. It is found that all learners unanimously use abundant Names and Pronouns in their written narratives, whereas the least frequent types are Definite NP and Name + modifier.
With respect to the discourse function, advanced learners tend to perform the function of Introduction by Name, Name + modifier, and Indefinite NP. When maintaining same subject topics, advanced learners tend to use Zero and Pronoun. And the Reintroduction functions are often fulfilled by Name. Overall, Pronoun is more likely to cause ambiguity than any other forms. And the abundant use of Names may have something to do with the marking of episode boundaries.
The referential distance values of the referential forms comply with the cognitive need of readers’ discourse processing. The more informative forms such as Name + modifier can refer back to their antecedents at a distance, while the semantically empty forms such as Pronoun can only refer back to their antecedents within few clauses. From readers’ perspective, there remain a few inappropriate referential forms in learners’ narratives, which may arise from L 1 interference or ignorance of rule restriction. The problematic use of referential forms suggests that although advanced learners can produce grammatically correct referential forms, they have not fully acquired the discourse function of these forms. It is recommended that the discourse aspects such as distance and episodic unit be considered when EFL learners use referential forms.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Table of contents…………………………………………………………………….viii
Chinese abstract……………………………………………………………………...xii
English abstract……………………………………………………………………...xiii
Chapter One Introduction………………………….……………………………...…...1
1.1 Theoretical background and motivation….…………………………………..1
1.2 The purpose of the present study…….…………………………………..…...3
1.3 Organization of the present study…………………………………….....…....4
Chapter Two Literature review…...……………….………………………………...…6
2.1 Topic Continuity Scale and Accessibility Theory.……...………………….....6
2.2 Referential forms and discourse contexts...………………………………....17
2.3 Hierarchical structure in English written narratives…...……………………19
2.4 Referring expressions in Mandarin Chinese…………………...…………...22
2.5 EFL learners’ referential behaviors…………………………………………26
2.6 Summary……………………………………………………………………30
Chapter Three Methodology………………………....……………………………....34
3.1 Subjects……….…………………………………………………………….34
3.2 Material……………………………………………………………………..36
3.3 Data collection……………………………….……………………………...37
3.4 Data analysis………………………………………………………………..39
3.4.1 Analytical framework………………………………………..………41
3.4.2 Discourse functions…………………………….……………………49
3.4.3 Referential distance value…………………………….……………..52
3.4.4 Summary…………………………………………………………….54
Chapter Four Results and Discussion…………………...……………………………56
4.1 Types of referential forms and their frequency..……………………….……56
4.2 The use of referential forms for different discourse functions…………..….72
4.2.1 Referential forms for Introduction……………………………….….74
4.2.2 Referential forms for Maintenance……………………………….…78
4.2.3 Referential forms for Reintroduction……………………………..…83
4.3 Referential distance value……………..…………………………………....89
4.4 Inappropriate use of referential forms………………………………………99
4.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………..101
Chapter Five Conclusion……......…………………………………………………..104
5.1 Concluding remarks………..………………….…………………………..104
5.2 Pedagogical implications………………………………………………..…107
5.3 Limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research.…….109
References………………...…………………………………………………….…..110
Appendix A….…………….……………………………………………………..…121
Appendix B……………………………………………………………...……….…122

List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Analyzing procedure………………………………………………….…..40

List of Tables
Table 2.1 Ariel’s accessibility degree and anaphoric forms………………………….15
Table 2.2 Lin’s accessibility degree and anaphoric forms.…………………………...24
Table 3.1 Number of referring expressions in learners’ text.………………………...38
Table 3.2 Number of referring expressions at subject position in learners’ text……..52
Table 4.1 Types of referential forms and the frequency in each learner’s text……….57
Table 4.2 Distributional frequency of functions among referential forms across
the texts.…………………………………………………………………...73
Table 4.3 Introduction Function and the referential forms………….………………..74
Table 4.4 Maintenance Function and the referential forms at subject position ….......78
Table 4.5 Reintroduction Function and the referential forms at subject position……83
Table 4.6 Average referential distance and text distribution of each form at
subject position…………………………………………………..……...…90
Table 4.7 Inappropriate use of referential forms……………………………………100		zh_TW
dc.format.extent 93854 bytes-
dc.format.extent 150027 bytes-
dc.format.extent 120304 bytes-
dc.format.extent 67222 bytes-
dc.format.extent 66602 bytes-
dc.format.extent 72053 bytes-
dc.format.extent 144092 bytes-
dc.format.extent 132784 bytes-
dc.format.extent 201238 bytes-
dc.format.extent 73816 bytes-
dc.format.extent 132493 bytes-
dc.format.extent 131171 bytes-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf-
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093555011en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 指涉詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) referential formen_US
dc.title (題名) 進階英語學習者在書面敘述文中指涉詞之使用zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Advanced EFL Learners` Referential Forms in Written Narrativesen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Alexander, L. G. (1988). Longman English Grammar. UK: Longman Group.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ariel, Mira (1988). Referring and accessibility. Journal of linguistics, 24, 65-87.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1990). Accessing noun-phrase antecedents. New York: Routledge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1996). Referring expressions and the ＋/－coreference distinction. In Thorsteinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fretheim, & Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.), Reference and referent accessibility (pp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 13-33). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bamberg, Michael G. (1987). The acquisition of narratives. New York: Mouton dezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gruyter.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Bates, E., & MacWhinney, B. (1979). A functionalist approach to the acquisition ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) grammar. In E. Ochs, & B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 167-211). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Cheryl (1983). Topic continuity in written English narrative. In Talmy Givonzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (Eds.), Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-linguistic study. (pp. 313-363). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Brown, Gillian, & Yule, George (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge: Cambridgezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chafe, Wallace L. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) topics, and point of view. In Charles N. Li (Eds.), Subjects and Topic. (pp. 25-55) New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1979). The flow of thought and the flow of language. In Talmy Givonzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 12: Discourse and syntax (pp. 159-182). New York: Seminar Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1987). Cognitive constraints on information flow. In Talmy Givon (Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Coherence and grounding in discourse (pp. 21-52). Philadelphia: Johnzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time. Chicago: The University ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1996). Inferring identifiability and accessibility. In Thorstein Fretheim,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) & Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.) Reference and referent accessibility (pp. 37-46). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chaudron, Craig, & Parker, Kate (1990). Discourse markedness and structuralzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) markedness: The acquisition of English noun phrases. Studies in second language learning, 12, 43-64.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, ping (1986). Referent introducing and tracking in Chinese narratives.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Unpublished dissertation, Department of Linguistics, UCLA.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Shu-hui E. (2000). Children’s L2 referential skills and its implications forzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the EFL classroom.八十八學年度師範院校教育學術論文發表會論文集第二集。台北市：國立台北師範學院。zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (2002). The development of referential strategies in the Englishzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) narratives by Chinese children. In Yuchau E. Hsiao, (Eds.), Proceedings of the First Cognitive Linguistics Conference (pp.404-424). Taipei: Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Chengchi University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Christensen, Matthew B. (2000). Anaphoric reference in spoken and written Chinesezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) narrative discourse. Journal of Chinese linguistics, 28 (2), 303-336.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chui, Kawai (2001). Topic chains and grounding in Chinese discourse. Taipei: Cranezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Clancy, Patricia M. (1980). Referential choice in English and Japanese narrativezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) discourse. In Wallace L. Chafe (Eds.), The Pear stories: Cognitive, cultural and linguistic aspects of narrative production (pp. 127-202). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1992). Referential strategies in the narratives of Japanese children. Discoursezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) processes 15, 441-467.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Corder, Stephen Pit (1981). Error analysis and interlanguage. London; New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Donnellan, Keith S. (1966). Reference and definite descriptions. Philosophical review,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 75, 281-304.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dubois, J. W. (1980). Beyond definiteness: The trace of identity in discourse. In W. Lzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chafe (Eds.), The Pear stories: Cognitive, cultural and linguistic aspects of narrative production (pp. 203-274). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ellis, Rod (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford; New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Fox, Barbara A. (1987a). Anaphora in popular written English narratives. In Russell S. Tomlin (Eds.), Coherence and Grounding in Discourse (pp. 157-174). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1987b). Discourse structure and anaphora: Written and conversational English.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1996). Studies in anaphora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Givon, Talmy (1981). Topic continuity in discourse: The functional domain of switchzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) reference. In Haiman, & P. Munro (Eds.), Switch reference and universal grammar (pp. 51-82). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: An introduction. In Talmy Givon (Eds.),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study (pp.1-41). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1992). The grammar of referential coherence as mental processing instructions.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Linguistics, 30, 5-55.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1993) English grammar: A function-based introduction. Amsterdam: Johnzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1995). Coherence in text vs. coherence in mind. In Morton Ann Gernsbacher, &zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Talmy Givon (Eds.), Coherence in spontaneous text (pp. 59-115). Amsterdam;zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Greenbaum, Sydney (1991). An introduction to English grammar. Harlow: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gundel, Jeanette K. (1978). Stress, pronominalization and the given-new distinction.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics, 10 (2), 1-13.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1985). “Shared knowledge” and topicality. Journal of pragmatics, 9 (1),zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 83-107.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gundel, Jeanette K., Hedberg, Nancy, & Zacharski, Ron (1993). Cognitive status andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the form of referring expressions in discourse. Language, 69 (2), 274-307.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Gundel, Jeanette K., & Tarone, E. (1983). Language transfer and the acquisition ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) pronominal anaphora. In S. Gass, & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language learning (pp. 281-296). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edwardzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Arnold.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Halmari, Helena (1996). On accessibility and coreference. In Thorstein Fretheim,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) & Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.), Reference and referent accessibility (pp. 155-178).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Haviland, S. E., & Clark, H. H. (1974). What’s new? Acquiring new information as azh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) process in comprehension. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 13, 512-521.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hinds, John (1977). Paragraph structure and pronominalization. Paper in linguistics,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) 10, 77-99.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1979). Organizational patterns in discourse. In Talmy Givon (Eds.), Syntax andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) semantics, 12 (pp. 135-158). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1983). Topic continuity in Japanese. In Talmy Givon (Eds.), Topiczh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study (pp.43-93). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Shuanfan (1992). Getting to know referring expression: Anaphor andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) accessibility in Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at the fifth Conference on Computational Linguistics. Taipei.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huang, Yan (1989). Anaphora in Chinese: Toward a pragmatic analysis. Unpublished Ph. D dissertation. University of Cambridge.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (2000a). Discourse anaphora: Four theoretical models. Journal of pragmatics, 32, 151-176.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (2000b). Anaphora: A cross-linguistic approach. New York: Oxfordzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Huddleston, Rodney (1984). Introduction to the grammar of English. Cambridge:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hurford, James R. (1994). Grammar: A student’s guide. Cambridge: Cambridgezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Jacobs, Roderick A. (1995). English syntax: A grammar for English languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) professionals. New York : Oxford University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Keenan, Edward L., & Comrie, Bernard (1977). Noun phrase accessibility andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) universal grammar. Linguistic inquiry, 8 (1), 63-99.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kucera, H., & Francis, R. N. (1967). A computational analysis of present day English.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Providence, RI: Brown University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kuno, Susumu (1976). Subject, theme, and speaker’s empathy: A re-examination ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) relativization phenomena. In Li, C. N. (Eds.), Subject and topic (pp. 419-444). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1987). Functional syntax: Anaphora, discourse and empathy. Chicago:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University of Chicago Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1967). Narrative analysis: Oral version of personalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) experience. In J. Helm (Eds.), Essays on the verbal and visual arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lai, Shiang-ru (1997). Anaphora in Chinese-speaking children’s spoken narratives.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Unpublished MA Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lambrecht, Knud (1994). Information structure and sentence form: Topic, focus, andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) the mental representations of discourse referents. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leech, Geoffrey N. (1975). A communicative grammar of English. London: Longman.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge; New York: Cambridgezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, C. Ing (1985). Participant anaphora in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished Ph. D.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) dissertation, University of Florida.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Charles N., & Sandra A. Thompson (1979). Third-person pronouns andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) zero-anaphora in Chinese discourse. In Talmy Givon (Eds.), Syntax andzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) semantics 12: Discourse and syntax (pp. 311-335). New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Li, Wendan (2000). Numeral-classifiers as a grounding mechanism in Mandarinzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chinese. Journal of Chinese linguistics, 28 (2), 337-367.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lin, Helena I-ling (1992). Anaphora in written and spoken Chinese narratives.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Unpublished MA Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lyons, John (1977). Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1979). Deixis and anaphora. In Terry Myers (Eds.), The development ofzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) conversation and discourse. (pp. 88-103). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Universityzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Maclin, Alice (1981). Reference guide to English: A handbook of English as a secondzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, Michael (1991). Discourse analysis for language teachers. Cambridge:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Pu, Ming-ming (1995). Anaphoric patterning in English and Mandarin narrativezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) production. Discourse processes, 19, 279-300.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Reinhart, Tanya (1983). Anaphora and semantic interpretation. London,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sydney: Croom Helm.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Robinett, Betty Wallace, & Schachter, Jacquelyn (1983). Second languagezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) learning: Contrastive analysis, error analysis, and related aspects. Ann Arbor:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) University of Michigan Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Rumelhart, David E. (1975). Notes on a schema for stories. In D. Bobrow, & A.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding. New York: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sag, I., & Hankamer, J. (1984). Toward a theory of anaphoric processing. Linguisticszh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) and philosophy, 7 (3), 325-345.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sanford, Anthony J., & Garrod, Simon C. (1981). Understanding writtenzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) language: Explorations in comprehension beyond the sentence. New York:zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Strawson, P. F. (1950). On referring. Mind, 61, 320-344.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Sung, Ming-hui (2004). Chinese and English referential strategies in Taiwanesezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) elementary school students’ spoken narratives. Unpublished MA Thesis. Taipei: National Taipei Teachers College.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tai, James H-Y (1978). Anaphoric restraints in Mandarin Chinese narrativezh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) discourse. In John Hinds (Eds.), Anaphora in discourse (pp. 279-338). Edmonton, Alberta: Linguistic Research.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tomlin, Russell S. (1987). Linguistic reflections of cognitive events. In Russellzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) S. Tomlin (Eds.), Coherence and grounding in discourse (pp. 455-479). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tomlin, Russell S., & Pu, Ming Ming (1991). The management of reference inzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Mandarin discourse. Cognitive Linguistics 2 (1), 65-93.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Tsao, Feng-fu (1979). A functional study of topic in Chinese: The first step towardzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) discourse analysis. Taipei: Student Book.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1990). Sentence and clause structure in Chinese: A functionalzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) perspective. Taipei: Student Book.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Toole, Janine (1996). The effect of genre on referential choice. In Thorstein Fretheim,zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) & Jeanette K. Gundel (Eds.), Reference and referent accessibility (pp. 263-290).zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) van Dijk, Teun A. (1982). Episodes as units of discourse analysis. In Deborah Tannenzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) (Eds.) Analyzing discourse: Text and talk (pp. 177-195). Washington D. C.: Georgetown University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) -----. (1987). Episodic models in discourse processing. In R. Horowitz, & S. J.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Samuels (Eds.), Comprehending oral and written language (pp. 161-196). CA: Academic Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) William, Jessica (1988). Zero anaphora in second language acquisition: A comparisonzh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) among three varieties of English. Studies in second language acquisition, 10, 339-370.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Yule, G. (1981). New, current and displaced entity reference. Lingua, 55, 41-52.zh_TW