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題名 國語閩南口音中的單元音化與擦音卸解
Monophthongization and Fricative Reconfiguration in the Taiwanese Accent of Mandarin
作者 吳耿彰
Wu, Keng-Chang
貢獻者 蕭宇超
Hsiao, E. Yuchau
吳耿彰
Wu, Keng-Chang
關鍵詞 國語
閩南語
口音
台灣國語
單元音化
擦音
卸解
語料庫
優選理論
音韻學
介音
方言變異
Mandarin, Chinese
Taiwanese, Southern Min
accent
Taiwanese Mandarin
monophthongization
fricative
reconfiguration
corpus
Optimality Theory
phonology
glide
dialectal variation
日期 2005
上傳時間 17-Sep-2009 16:30:17 (UTC+8)
摘要 本論文觀察台灣地區國語閩南口音，也就是俗稱的「台灣國語」中展現的單元音化以及擦音卸解現象，建立「台灣國語語料庫」作為本論文分析的基礎，並且從優選理論的觀點探討這些台灣國語音韻現象。
根據「台灣國語語料庫」的數據顯示，韻核後介音 /j/ 以及 /w/ 容易被語者刪除，韻核前介音 /j/ 以及 /w/ 則傾向被語者保留。輕擦音 /f/ 在台灣國語中常被卸解為 /hw/。
本文的分析認為，國語閩南口音是一種方言的變異，反映了閩南語以及國語的部份制約排序。當語者表現出明顯的閩南語口音時，反映出閩南語的部份制約排序；而語者的閩南語口音較不明顯時，則反映了國語的部份制約排序。
This thesis investigates monophthongization and fricative reconfiguration in the Taiwanese Accent of Mandarin (TM), and establishes the TM corpus as the base of phonological analysis. The Optimality Theory approach is adopted to account for the phonological phenomenon of TM.
As indicated by the TM corpus, the postnuclear glides /j/ and /w/ tend to be deleted in TM; the prenuclear glides /j/ and /w/ tend to be preserved in TM; and the fricative /f/ tend to reconfigurate as /hw/ in TM.
Our analysis considers that TM is a dialectal variation which reflects the subgrammars of Taiwanese and Mandarin. When the speaker shows a clear Taiwanese accent, the partially ordered ranking of Taiwanese is reflected; and when the speaker shows no obvious Taiwanese accent, the partially ordered ranking of Mandarin is reflected.
參考文獻 Albright, Adam, Argelia Andrade & Bruce Hayes (2000). “Segmental environments of Spanish Diphthongization”. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics.
Anttila, Arto. (2000). “Derived environment effects in colloquial Helsinki Finnish.” ROA: 406.
Beckman, Jill. (1998). Positional faithfulness. Doctoral dissertation. University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Berg, M.E. van den. (2000). “Southern Min: Acquisition, proficiency, use and attitude formation in fujian and Taiwa.” In – (Ed.) Taiwan Yuyan ji qi Jiaoxue 2. [The languages of Taiwan & How to Teach them, vol. 2]
Boersma, Paul. (1998). Functional Phonology. Doctorial dissertation. University of Amsterdam.
Boersma, Paul & Bruce Hayes. (1999). “Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm.” ROA: 348.
Chao, Yuen Ren. (1930). “A system of tone letters.” Le Maître phonétique. 45:24-7.
Chen, Chin-Chuan. (1973). A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Netherlands: Hague.
Chu, Chia-Ning. (2004). ShengYun Xue [Phonology]. Taipei: Wu-Nan Culture Enterprise.
Chung, Raung-fu. (1996). The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei : the Crane Publishing co., Ltd.
Crowhurst, Megan & Mark Hewitt. (1997). “Boolean operations and constraint interactions in Optimality Theory.” Ms., University of North Carolina Chapel Hill & Brandeis University. ROA: 229.
Dell, François & Mohamed Elmedlaoui. (1985). “Syllabic consonants and syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber.” Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 7: 105-130.
Elliott, A. Raymond. (1995). “Field independence/dependence, hemispheric specialization, and attitude in relation to pronunciation accuracy in Spanish as a foreign language.” The Modern Language Journal. 79:356-371.
Flege, James. (1981). “The Phonological Basis of Foreign Accent: A Hypothesis.” TESOL Quartly. 15: 443-456.
Goldsmith, John. (1976). Autosegmental phonology. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT doctorial dissertation.
Hayes, Bruce. (1998). “Gradient well-formedness in Optimality Theory.” in J. Dekkers, F. Leeuw and J. Weijer, eds., Optimality Theory: Phonology, Syntax, and Acquisition, Oxford University Press, pp. 88-120.
Itô, Junko & Armin Mester. (1998). “The phonological lexicon.” In Nat-suko Tsujimura (ed.), A Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. Oxford,Blackwell.
Kager, Rene. (1999). Optimality Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kenstowicz, Michael. (2001). “The role of perception in loanword phonology.” Linguistique Africaine. 20.
Kiparsky, Paul. (1993). “Variable rules.” Handout distributed at the Rutgers Optimality Workshop.
Krashen, Stephen. (1973). “Lateralization, language learning, and the critical period: Some new evidence.” Language Learning. 23:63-74.
Kubler, C. Cornelius. (1985). The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact. Taiper: Taiwan Student Book Co., Ltd.
Leben, William. (1973). Suprasegmental phonology. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT doctorial dissertation.
Lenneberg, H. Eric. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley.
Lombardi, Linda. (2001). (ed.) Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory: Constraints and Representations. Cambridge University Press.
Łubowicz, Anna. (2005). “Locality of conjunction.” ROA: 764.
McCarthy, John. (1986). “OCP effects: Gemination and antigemination.” Linguistic Inquiry. 17:207-63.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1993a). Prosodic Morphology I: constraint interaction and satisfaction. ms. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA and Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1993b). “Generalized Alignment.” In G.E. Booij & J. van Marle (eds.) Yearbook of Morphology, 1993. Dorderct: Kluwer. 79-153.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1994). “The emergence of unmarked: Optimality in prosodic morphology.” Proceedings of NELS. 24.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1995). “Faithfulness and reduplicative identity.” In J.N. Beckman, L.W. Dickey & S. Urbanczyk (eds.) University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers: Papers in Optimality Theory 18. Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association, University of Massachusetts. 249-384.
McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1999). “Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology.” In Rene Kagar, Harry van der Hulst & Wim Zonneveld (eds.) The prosody-morphology interface. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 218-209.
Moreton, Elliott and Paul Smolensky. 2002. “Typological Consequences of Local Constraint Conjunction.” WCCFL. 21. Cambridge, MA: Cascadilla Press. ROA: 525.
Morris, E. Richard. (1998). Stylistic Variation in Spanish Phonology. Doctorial dissertation. Ohio State University.
Ohala, John. (1990). “The phonetics and phonology of aspects of assimilation,” in John Kingston and Mary Beckman (eds.) Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the grammar and the physics of speech. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 258-275
Paradis, Carole & Jean-François. Prunet. (2000). “Nasal vowels as two segments : evidence from Cantonese.” Language. 76: 324-57.
Prince, Allen & Paul Smolensky. (1993). Optimality Theory: Constrain Interaction in Generative Grammar. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science.
Reynolds, T. William. (1994). Variation and Optimality Theory. Doctorial dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.
Seliger, Herbert, Stephen Krashen & Peter Ladefoged. (1975). “Maturational constraints in the acquisition of second language accent.” Language Sciences. 36: 20-22.
Smolensky, Paul. (1993). “Harmony, Markedness, and Phonological Activity.” Handout of talk presented at RutgersOptimality Workshop-1, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. ROA: 87.
Smolensky, Paul. (1995). “On the Internal Structure of the Constraint Component of UG.” Colloquium presented at the University of California, Los Angeles. ROA: 86.
Steriade, Donca. (1987). “Locality conditions and feature geometry.” Proceedings of NELS. 17:595-618.
Steriade, Donca. (2000). “The phonology of perceptibility effects: the P-map and its consequences forconstraint organizations.” ms. UCLA.
Suter, Richard. (1976). “Predictors of pronunciation accuracy in second language learning.” Language Learning. 26: 233-253.
Thompson, Irene. (1991). “Foreign accents revisited: the English pronunciation of Russian immigrants.” Language Learning. 41: 177-204.
Tsao, Feng-fu. (2000). “Taiwanized Japanese and Taiwan Mandarin—two case studies of language contact during the past hundred years in Taiwa.” Hanxue yanjiu [Chinese Studies]. 18: 273-297.
Tse, Kwock-Ping. (1986). “Standardisation of Chinese in Taiwanese.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 59: 25-32.
Tung, Chung-ssu. (1991). in Bohui Zhan (ed.) Xiandai Hanyu Fangyan [Contemporary Chinese Dialects]. Taipei: Xinxueshi Wenjiao Chuban Zhongxin.
Williams, Lee. (1980). “Phonetic variation as a function of second-language learning.” In G. Yeni-Komshian, J. Kavanagh, and C. Ferguson (eds.), Child phonology. Volume 2: Perception. New York: Academic Press.
Wu, Keng-Chang. (2004). “On the Southern Min accent of Mandarin in Taiwan: An Optimality Theory Analysis.” Paper for ICSTLL-37. Lund University.
Wu, Keng-Chang & Yuchau E. Hsiao. (2005). “In Phonological Adaptation from the Perspective of Language Perception and Production.” Paper for the 9th International and 23rd National Conference on Chinese Phonology, Providence University.
Yin, Yuen-Mei. (1991). Some major issues in Mandarin tonal phonology. Taipei : the Crane Publishing co., Ltd.
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Zuo, Yan. (2002). Classical Chinese verse grammar: Coexisting sub-grammars and formal grounding. Doctorial dissertation. Tilburg University, The Netherlands.
描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
92555018
94
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550181
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 蕭宇超zh_TW
dc.contributor.advisor Hsiao, E. Yuchauen_US
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 吳耿彰zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) Wu, Keng-Changen_US
dc.creator (作者) 吳耿彰zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) Wu, Keng-Changen_US
dc.date (日期) 2005en_US
dc.date.accessioned 17-Sep-2009 16:30:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 17-Sep-2009 16:30:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 17-Sep-2009 16:30:17 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0925550181en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33408-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 92555018zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 94zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 本論文觀察台灣地區國語閩南口音，也就是俗稱的「台灣國語」中展現的單元音化以及擦音卸解現象，建立「台灣國語語料庫」作為本論文分析的基礎，並且從優選理論的觀點探討這些台灣國語音韻現象。
根據「台灣國語語料庫」的數據顯示，韻核後介音 /j/ 以及 /w/ 容易被語者刪除，韻核前介音 /j/ 以及 /w/ 則傾向被語者保留。輕擦音 /f/ 在台灣國語中常被卸解為 /hw/。
本文的分析認為，國語閩南口音是一種方言的變異，反映了閩南語以及國語的部份制約排序。當語者表現出明顯的閩南語口音時，反映出閩南語的部份制約排序；而語者的閩南語口音較不明顯時，則反映了國語的部份制約排序。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) This thesis investigates monophthongization and fricative reconfiguration in the Taiwanese Accent of Mandarin (TM), and establishes the TM corpus as the base of phonological analysis. The Optimality Theory approach is adopted to account for the phonological phenomenon of TM.
As indicated by the TM corpus, the postnuclear glides /j/ and /w/ tend to be deleted in TM; the prenuclear glides /j/ and /w/ tend to be preserved in TM; and the fricative /f/ tend to reconfigurate as /hw/ in TM.
Our analysis considers that TM is a dialectal variation which reflects the subgrammars of Taiwanese and Mandarin. When the speaker shows a clear Taiwanese accent, the partially ordered ranking of Taiwanese is reflected; and when the speaker shows no obvious Taiwanese accent, the partially ordered ranking of Mandarin is reflected.		en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
VITA vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
ABBREVIATIONS xi
CHINESE ABSTRACT xii
ENGLISH ABSTRACT xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research Issues 1
1.3 Phonological Basics 3
1.4 Organization of the Study 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Accent Formation 8
2.2 Optimality Theory and Corpus 10
2.2.1 Basic Concept 10
2.2.2 Positional Faithfulness 14
2.2.3 OT accounts for Variation 16
2.2.4 Local Constraint Conjunction 20
2.2.5 Some Studies with Application of Corpus 22


CHAPTER 3 THE CORPUS 24
3.1 The Informants and the Design of Corpus 24
3.1.1 Data Collection and Informant 24
3.1.2 The Design of Corpus 26
3.1.3 The Labeling 26
3.2 Statistic Analysis 30
3.2.1 Postnuclear Glide 30
3.2.2 Prenuclear Glide 39
3.2.3 Fricative /f/ 47
3.3 Summary 53

CHAPTER 4 TAIWANESE-ACCENTED MANDARIN POSTNUCLEAR AND PRENUCLEAR GLIDES 55
4.1 Postnuclear Glides in the Corpus 55
4.1.1 OT Analysis of Postnuclear Glides 57
4.1.2 Relevant Constraints and Constraint Ranking 57
4.1.3 Tableau Analysis of Postnuclear Glide /j/ 59
4.1.4 Tableau Analysis of Postnuclear Glide /w/ 60
4.2 Prenuclear Glides in the Corpus 61
4.2.1 OT Analysis of Prenuclear Glides 63
4.2.2 Tableau Analysis of Prenuclear Glide /j/ 64
4.2.3 Tableau Analysis of Prenuclear Glide /w/ 65
4.3 Summary 66

CHAPTER 5 TAIWANESE-ACCENTED MANDARIN FRICATIVE /f/ 68
5.1 Fricative /f/ in the Corpus 68
5.2 Optimality Theory Analysis 71
5.2.1 Relevant Constraints and Constraint Ranking 71
5.2.2 Tableau Analysis of /f/ in the BG 73
5.2.3 Tableau Analysis of /f/ in AG 74
5.3 Summary 76

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 78

APPENDIX 83
BIBLIOGRAPHY 88		zh_TW
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dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0925550181en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 國語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 閩南語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 口音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 台灣國語zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 單元音化zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 擦音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 卸解zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 語料庫zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 優選理論zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 音韻學zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 介音zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 方言變異zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Mandarin, Chineseen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanese, Southern Minen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) accenten_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Taiwanese Mandarinen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) monophthongizationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) fricativeen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) reconfigurationen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) corpusen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Optimality Theoryen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) phonologyen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) glideen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) dialectal variationen_US
dc.title (題名) 國語閩南口音中的單元音化與擦音卸解zh_TW
dc.title (題名) Monophthongization and Fricative Reconfiguration in the Taiwanese Accent of Mandarinen_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Albright, Adam, Argelia Andrade & Bruce Hayes (2000). “Segmental environments of Spanish Diphthongization”. UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Anttila, Arto. (2000). “Derived environment effects in colloquial Helsinki Finnish.” ROA: 406.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Beckman, Jill. (1998). Positional faithfulness. Doctoral dissertation. University of Massachusetts Amherst.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Berg, M.E. van den. (2000). “Southern Min: Acquisition, proficiency, use and attitude formation in fujian and Taiwa.” In – (Ed.) Taiwan Yuyan ji qi Jiaoxue 2. [The languages of Taiwan & How to Teach them, vol. 2]zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boersma, Paul. (1998). Functional Phonology. Doctorial dissertation. University of Amsterdam.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Boersma, Paul & Bruce Hayes. (1999). “Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm.” ROA: 348.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chao, Yuen Ren. (1930). “A system of tone letters.” Le Maître phonétique. 45:24-7.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chen, Chin-Chuan. (1973). A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Netherlands: Hague.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chu, Chia-Ning. (2004). ShengYun Xue [Phonology]. Taipei: Wu-Nan Culture Enterprise.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Chung, Raung-fu. (1996). The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei : the Crane Publishing co., Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Crowhurst, Megan & Mark Hewitt. (1997). “Boolean operations and constraint interactions in Optimality Theory.” Ms., University of North Carolina Chapel Hill & Brandeis University. ROA: 229.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Dell, François & Mohamed Elmedlaoui. (1985). “Syllabic consonants and syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber.” Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 7: 105-130.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Elliott, A. Raymond. (1995). “Field independence/dependence, hemispheric specialization, and attitude in relation to pronunciation accuracy in Spanish as a foreign language.” The Modern Language Journal. 79:356-371.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Flege, James. (1981). “The Phonological Basis of Foreign Accent: A Hypothesis.” TESOL Quartly. 15: 443-456.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Goldsmith, John. (1976). Autosegmental phonology. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT doctorial dissertation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Hayes, Bruce. (1998). “Gradient well-formedness in Optimality Theory.” in J. Dekkers, F. Leeuw and J. Weijer, eds., Optimality Theory: Phonology, Syntax, and Acquisition, Oxford University Press, pp. 88-120.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Itô, Junko & Armin Mester. (1998). “The phonological lexicon.” In Nat-suko Tsujimura (ed.), A Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. Oxford,Blackwell.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kager, Rene. (1999). Optimality Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kenstowicz, Michael. (2001). “The role of perception in loanword phonology.” Linguistique Africaine. 20.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kiparsky, Paul. (1993). “Variable rules.” Handout distributed at the Rutgers Optimality Workshop.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Krashen, Stephen. (1973). “Lateralization, language learning, and the critical period: Some new evidence.” Language Learning. 23:63-74.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Kubler, C. Cornelius. (1985). The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact. Taiper: Taiwan Student Book Co., Ltd.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Leben, William. (1973). Suprasegmental phonology. Cambridge, Mass.:MIT doctorial dissertation.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lenneberg, H. Eric. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Lombardi, Linda. (2001). (ed.) Segmental phonology in Optimality Theory: Constraints and Representations. Cambridge University Press.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Łubowicz, Anna. (2005). “Locality of conjunction.” ROA: 764.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, John. (1986). “OCP effects: Gemination and antigemination.” Linguistic Inquiry. 17:207-63.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1993a). Prosodic Morphology I: constraint interaction and satisfaction. ms. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA and Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1993b). “Generalized Alignment.” In G.E. Booij & J. van Marle (eds.) Yearbook of Morphology, 1993. Dorderct: Kluwer. 79-153.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1994). “The emergence of unmarked: Optimality in prosodic morphology.” Proceedings of NELS. 24.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1995). “Faithfulness and reduplicative identity.” In J.N. Beckman, L.W. Dickey & S. Urbanczyk (eds.) University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers: Papers in Optimality Theory 18. Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistic Student Association, University of Massachusetts. 249-384.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) McCarthy, John & Allen Prince. (1999). “Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology.” In Rene Kagar, Harry van der Hulst & Wim Zonneveld (eds.) The prosody-morphology interface. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 218-209.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Moreton, Elliott and Paul Smolensky. 2002. “Typological Consequences of Local Constraint Conjunction.” WCCFL. 21. Cambridge, MA: Cascadilla Press. ROA: 525.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Morris, E. Richard. (1998). Stylistic Variation in Spanish Phonology. Doctorial dissertation. Ohio State University.zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Ohala, John. (1990). “The phonetics and phonology of aspects of assimilation,” in John Kingston and Mary Beckman (eds.) Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the grammar and the physics of speech. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 258-275zh_TW
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Paradis, Carole & Jean-François. Prunet. (2000). “Nasal vowels as two segments : evidence from Cantonese.” Language. 76: 324-57.zh_TW
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