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題名 論世界語言中分類詞與複數的共現
On the Co-occurrence of Numeral Classifier and Plurality Marker in Languages of the World
作者 陳韻如
貢獻者 何萬順
陳韻如
關鍵詞 分類詞
複數
跨語言特徵
Numeral Classifiers
Plurals
Typological Property
日期 2012
上傳時間 1-Mar-2013 09:23:58 (UTC+8)
摘要 在過去的研究中，學者們指出分類詞與複數常常呈現互補分佈的關係，當其中一個的出現為必要時，另一個通常為非必要。另外更有學者聲稱分類詞與複數在句法結構上佔據同一個句法位置，因此是同一個句法成分。然而，另也有學者發現兩者其實是可並存的。在Gil (2008) 跟 Hasplemath (2008) 所共同研究到的114個語言中，有22個語言同時具有分類詞與複數。本論文的目的即在於探究這22個語言的分類詞與複數之間的關係，藉此去論斷兩者是否呈現互補，是否為同一句法成分，而兩者之共現情形，則是相當重要的判斷依據。
　　22個語言的資料顯示出，當語言同時出現分類詞與複數時，其使用範圍大多呈現互補分佈的關係，而分類詞與複數共現於一個名詞詞組的情形，並非少數。由於這22個例外的語言並非完全違反互補分佈之宣稱，因此分類詞與複數應為同一個句法成分，而其共現於同一名詞詞組的情形應為分岔的句法結構，此結構可能由兩種原因所造成，一為語言接觸，一為語言變遷。所以，這22個原為例外的語言，其實大多仍符合語言的普遍現象。
The relationship between numeral classifiers and number plurals has been examined by several linguists (Greenberg 1972, Sanches& Slobin 1973, Chierchia 1998, and T’suo1976, Borer 2005 and Her 2012a). They found that it is a universal property that classifiers and plurals are in complementary distribution. Borer (2005) and Her (2012a) further proposed that classifiers and plurals are the same category. However, classifiers and plurals can co-occur at least in 22 languages, according to a surveye by Gil (2008) and Haspelmath (2008). The aim of this study is to find out the relationship between classifiers and plurals in these 22 languages. After the analysis of data, the results show that classifiers and plurals are in complementary distribution in their usage, but not in cases of co-occurrence. The possible reasons for the co-occurrence may be language contact or language change. Thus, to account for the co-occurrence in the 22 languages, syntactic structure of classifiers and plurals may be co-head structure. Most languages tend to have either classifier system or plural system because they are the same category. But the co-occurrences are also reasonable since they are co-head.
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Besnier, N. (2000). Tuvaluan: Polynesian Languages of the Central Pacific. London and New York: Routledge.
Bickel, B. (2003). Belhare. In G.Thurgood and R. J. LaPolla (Eds.) The Sino-Tibetan languages. 546-569. London: Routledge
Bisang, W. (1999). Classifiers in East and Southeast Asian languages. Counting and beyond. In J. Gvozdanović (Ed.), Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. pp.113-185. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Borer, H. (2005). Structuring Sense, Vol. 1: In Name Only. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bowden, J. (2001) Taba: Description of a South Halmahera Language. Canberra: Pacific linguistics.

Bugaeva, A. (2012). Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In N. Tranter (Ed.), The Languages of Japan and Korea. Routledge.
Burling, R. (1961). A Garo Grammar. Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute Poona.
Burling, R. (2003). Garo. In G.Thurgood and R. J. LaPolla (Eds.) The Sino-Tibetan languages. 387-400. London: Routledge
Burling, R. (2004). The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo). Volume I: Grammar. New Delhi: Bibliophile South Asia& Morganville, N.J. Promilla.
Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cheng,L. L.-S. & Sybesma, R. (1999). Bare and not so bare nouns and the structure of NP. Linguistic Inquiry, 30(4), 509-542.
Chierchia, G. (1998). Plurality of mass nouns and the notion of “Semantic Parameter” In: S. Rothstein (ed.). Events and Grammar. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 53–103.
Corbett, G. (2000). Number. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Csirmaz, A., & Dékány, É. (2010). Hungarian Classifiers. Paper presented at Word Classes: Nature, Typology, Computational Representation.
Dalrymple, M. & Suriel M. (2009). Plural semantics, reduplication, and numeral modification in Indonesian. Journal of Semantics, 29, 229-260.
Day, C. (1973). Meaning in Mayan Languages (The Sementics of Social Categories in a Transformational Grammar of Jacaltec*). Munro S. Edmonson (ed.) Mounton and Co.N.V, Publishers, The Hague.
Day, C. (1973). The Jacaltec Langauge. Indiana University.
Dékány, É. K. (2011). A Profile of the Hungarian DP: The Interaction of lexicalization, agreement and linearization with the functional sequence. Dissertation. Univerity of Tromsø.
Doetjes, J. (2008). Counting and degree modification. Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes, 37, 139-161.
Doetjes, J. (to appear). Count/mass distinction across languages. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger and Paul Portner (Eds.) Semantics: an international handbook of natural language meaning, partIII, Berlin: De Gruyter.
Downing, P. (1996). Numeral classifier systems : the case of Japanese. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Dryer, M. (1989). Plural words. Linguistics, 27, 865-895.
Ehrman, M. E., & Sos K. (1972). Contemporary Cambodian: Grammatical Sketch.Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.
Emrah, G. (2011). Plural marking in Turkish: Additive or associative? Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle of the University of Victoria, 21, 70-80.
Fehri, F. (2005). Distribution of Number and Classifier in Arabic and Chinese and parametrization. Linguistic Research, 9, 9-52
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描述 碩士
國立政治大學
語言學研究所
99555015
101
資料來源 http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099555015
資料類型 thesis
dc.contributor.advisor 何萬順zh_TW
dc.contributor.author (Authors) 陳韻如zh_TW
dc.creator (作者) 陳韻如zh_TW
dc.date (日期) 2012en_US
dc.date.accessioned 1-Mar-2013 09:23:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.available 1-Mar-2013 09:23:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.date.issued (上傳時間) 1-Mar-2013 09:23:58 (UTC+8)-
dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0099555015en_US
dc.identifier.uri (URI) http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/57030-
dc.description (描述) 碩士zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 國立政治大學zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 語言學研究所zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 99555015zh_TW
dc.description (描述) 101zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) 在過去的研究中，學者們指出分類詞與複數常常呈現互補分佈的關係，當其中一個的出現為必要時，另一個通常為非必要。另外更有學者聲稱分類詞與複數在句法結構上佔據同一個句法位置，因此是同一個句法成分。然而，另也有學者發現兩者其實是可並存的。在Gil (2008) 跟 Hasplemath (2008) 所共同研究到的114個語言中，有22個語言同時具有分類詞與複數。本論文的目的即在於探究這22個語言的分類詞與複數之間的關係，藉此去論斷兩者是否呈現互補，是否為同一句法成分，而兩者之共現情形，則是相當重要的判斷依據。
　　22個語言的資料顯示出，當語言同時出現分類詞與複數時，其使用範圍大多呈現互補分佈的關係，而分類詞與複數共現於一個名詞詞組的情形，並非少數。由於這22個例外的語言並非完全違反互補分佈之宣稱，因此分類詞與複數應為同一個句法成分，而其共現於同一名詞詞組的情形應為分岔的句法結構，此結構可能由兩種原因所造成，一為語言接觸，一為語言變遷。所以，這22個原為例外的語言，其實大多仍符合語言的普遍現象。		zh_TW
dc.description.abstract (摘要) The relationship between numeral classifiers and number plurals has been examined by several linguists (Greenberg 1972, Sanches& Slobin 1973, Chierchia 1998, and T’suo1976, Borer 2005 and Her 2012a). They found that it is a universal property that classifiers and plurals are in complementary distribution. Borer (2005) and Her (2012a) further proposed that classifiers and plurals are the same category. However, classifiers and plurals can co-occur at least in 22 languages, according to a surveye by Gil (2008) and Haspelmath (2008). The aim of this study is to find out the relationship between classifiers and plurals in these 22 languages. After the analysis of data, the results show that classifiers and plurals are in complementary distribution in their usage, but not in cases of co-occurrence. The possible reasons for the co-occurrence may be language contact or language change. Thus, to account for the co-occurrence in the 22 languages, syntactic structure of classifiers and plurals may be co-head structure. Most languages tend to have either classifier system or plural system because they are the same category. But the co-occurrences are also reasonable since they are co-head.en_US
dc.description.tableofcontents Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Tables & Figures vii
Chinese Abstract viii
English Abstract ix

CHAPTER
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation and Purpose 3
1.2 Organization of the Thesis 7
2. Literature review 9
2.1 Classifiers and Plurals: Complementary Distribution 10
2.1.1 Greenberg (1972) 10
2.1.2 Sanches and Slobin (1973) 11
2.1.3 Chierchia (1998) 12
2.1.4 T’sou (1976) 13
2.2 Classifiers and Plurals: The Same Category 13
2.2.1 Borer (2005) 14
2.2.2 Her (2012a) 15
2.3 Previous Studies on Specific Languages 16
2.3.1 Chinese 17
2.3.2 Japanese 19
2.4 Syntactic Analysis of Nominal Structure 21
2.5 Remarks 23
3. Defining Classifiers and Plurals 25
3.1 Definition of classifiers 25
3.2 Definition of Plurals 29
3.2.1 Transnumerals 31
3.2.2 Additive/ Associative Distinction 33
4. Analysis 35
4.1 Data Analysis in Languages 36
4.1.1 Mandarin Chinese 36
4.1.2 Japanese 40
4.1.3 Obligatory classifier languages 43
4.1.4 Optional classifier languages 62
4.2 A Coordinator Representation of Language Distribution 78
4.3 Syntactic Analysis 82
4.4 Possible Explanations 86
5. Conclusion 89
5.1 Summary 89
5.2 Limitations and Suggestion 89
Reference 92
Appendixes
Appendix A: The Categorization of 22 Languages in WALS Online Database 102
Appendix B: The Relation of Numeral Classifiers and Plural Markers 103		zh_TW
dc.language.iso en_US-
dc.source.uri (資料來源) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099555015en_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 分類詞zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 複數zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) 跨語言特徵zh_TW
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Numeral Classifiersen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Pluralsen_US
dc.subject (關鍵詞) Typological Propertyen_US
dc.title (題名) 論世界語言中分類詞與複數的共現zh_TW
dc.title (題名) On the Co-occurrence of Numeral Classifier and Plurality Marker in Languages of the Worlden_US
dc.type (資料類型) thesisen
dc.relation.reference (參考文獻) Aarssen, J., & Backus, A. (2001). Colloquial Turkish: the complete course for beginner. London and New York: Routledge.
Aikhenvald, A.Y. (2000). Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Alfons, N. A. (2010). Reduplication System of Hatam: Form and Function. Linguistika, 17(1), 1-17.
Besnier, N. (2000). Tuvaluan: Polynesian Languages of the Central Pacific. London and New York: Routledge.
Bickel, B. (2003). Belhare. In G.Thurgood and R. J. LaPolla (Eds.) The Sino-Tibetan languages. 546-569. London: Routledge
Bisang, W. (1999). Classifiers in East and Southeast Asian languages. Counting and beyond. In J. Gvozdanović (Ed.), Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide. pp.113-185. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Borer, H. (2005). Structuring Sense, Vol. 1: In Name Only. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bowden, J. (2001) Taba: Description of a South Halmahera Language. Canberra: Pacific linguistics.

Bugaeva, A. (2012). Southern Hokkaido Ainu. In N. Tranter (Ed.), The Languages of Japan and Korea. Routledge.
Burling, R. (1961). A Garo Grammar. Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute Poona.
Burling, R. (2003). Garo. In G.Thurgood and R. J. LaPolla (Eds.) The Sino-Tibetan languages. 387-400. London: Routledge
Burling, R. (2004). The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo). Volume I: Grammar. New Delhi: Bibliophile South Asia& Morganville, N.J. Promilla.
Chao, Y.-R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cheng,L. L.-S. & Sybesma, R. (1999). Bare and not so bare nouns and the structure of NP. Linguistic Inquiry, 30(4), 509-542.
Chierchia, G. (1998). Plurality of mass nouns and the notion of “Semantic Parameter” In: S. Rothstein (ed.). Events and Grammar. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 53–103.
Corbett, G. (2000). Number. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Csirmaz, A., & Dékány, É. (2010). Hungarian Classifiers. Paper presented at Word Classes: Nature, Typology, Computational Representation.
Dalrymple, M. & Suriel M. (2009). Plural semantics, reduplication, and numeral modification in Indonesian. Journal of Semantics, 29, 229-260.
Day, C. (1973). Meaning in Mayan Languages (The Sementics of Social Categories in a Transformational Grammar of Jacaltec*). Munro S. Edmonson (ed.) Mounton and Co.N.V, Publishers, The Hague.
Day, C. (1973). The Jacaltec Langauge. Indiana University.
Dékány, É. K. (2011). A Profile of the Hungarian DP: The Interaction of lexicalization, agreement and linearization with the functional sequence. Dissertation. Univerity of Tromsø.
Doetjes, J. (2008). Counting and degree modification. Recherches linguistiques de Vincennes, 37, 139-161.
Doetjes, J. (to appear). Count/mass distinction across languages. In Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger and Paul Portner (Eds.) Semantics: an international handbook of natural language meaning, partIII, Berlin: De Gruyter.
Downing, P. (1996). Numeral classifier systems : the case of Japanese. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Dryer, M. (1989). Plural words. Linguistics, 27, 865-895.
Ehrman, M. E., & Sos K. (1972). Contemporary Cambodian: Grammatical Sketch.Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute.
Emrah, G. (2011). Plural marking in Turkish: Additive or associative? Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle of the University of Victoria, 21, 70-80.
Fehri, F. (2005). Distribution of Number and Classifier in Arabic and Chinese and parametrization. Linguistic Research, 9, 9-52
Gil, D. (2008). Numeral classifiers. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (Eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 55. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/55. Accessed on 2012/5/21.
Gilbert, R. K. (2008). Cambodian for Beginners. Paiboon Publishing.
Göksel, A., & Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. London, New York : Routledge.
Göksel, A., & Kerslake, C. (2011). Turkish: An Essential Grammar. London, New York : Routledge .
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