高齡者社團參與類型、參與程度與生活滿意度關係之研究

Abstract

人口快速老化與平均餘命的延長，使我們越來越重視老年退休生活，加上高齡者健康、經濟資源的提升，與家庭支持系統轉弱等現代社會特性，鼓勵高齡者從事社會參與乃成為老人福利中的重要課題。台灣地區高齡者從事社會參與的情形為何？影響高齡者從事社會參與的因素有哪些？從事社會參與是否能提升生活滿意度？究竟哪種社會參與面向才是主要影響生活滿意度的因素？均是本研究關注的焦點。首先根據文獻探討高齡者生活滿意度及社會參與的意涵、相關因素與相關研究，並以社會老年學觀點作為本研究的理論基礎。\n 本研究乃是使用行政院衛生署國民健康局人口與健康調查研究中心執行之「臺灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查系列」1999年調查資料進行次級資料分析，研究樣本為年滿六十五歲以上之高齡者，有效樣本數為2890人，針對所得的資料，以描述統計、單因子變異數分析、卡方檢定、獨立樣本t檢定、點二系列相關、皮爾森積差相關、邏輯迴歸、多元迴歸分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析。綜合本研究主要發現，獲致下列結論：\n一、高齡者具有社會參與的需求。\n二、參加「老人團體」是高齡者社會參與的最愛。\n三、意向障礙是阻礙高齡者社會參與的主因。\n四、高齡者的社會參與與生活滿意度有關。\n五、社會參與面向中，影響生活滿意度最關鍵的因素為「參與程度」。\n六、影響高齡者社會參與的因素為，性別、年齡、教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住地。\n七、影響高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、婚姻狀況、居住安排及有無社會參與。\n八、影響有社會參與的高齡者生活滿意度的因素為，教育程度、經濟狀況、健康狀況、居住安排及參與程度。\n 根據上述研究結論，本研究分別就政府機關、辦理老人社會參與相關機構及高齡者本身提供以下建議：一、對政府機關之建議：(一)健全老人經濟及健康之福利服務；(二)透過社會教育的方式，向老人宣導社會參與對老化調適的好處；(三)廣設老人活動中心，鼓勵並協助老人組成社團；(四)營造高齡者社會參與的無障礙環境。二、對辦理老人社會參與相關機構之建議：(一)排除機構障礙，增加高齡者社會參與的機會；(二)提供多元的社會參與類型，並注重活動進行的品質。三、對高齡者本身之建議：(一)破除意向障礙，積極從事社會參與；(二)從事退休準備，以擁有健康、滿意的老年生活。

Due to the rapid aging of population and the prolongation of life expectancy, people pay more and more attention on elders’ retirement life. According to the characteristics of modern society, such as elders’ health, increase of economic resources and the obsolescence family support system, encouraging elders to have social participation becomes an important issue of elderly welfare. How is elders’ social participations in Taiwan? What are the key factors of elders’ social participations? Could social participation increase their life satisfactions? Which of the social participation is the main factor that influences life satisfactions? Above are the targets of this study. At first, we probe into life satisfactions, social participation meanings, related factors, and research from bibliography, and we take social gerontology as the theoretical base of this study.\n This study conducted a secondary data analysis based on the data from 1999 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and the Elderly in Taiwan, provided by the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, R.O.C. (Taiwan). The study subjects were elders over 65 years old, and the number of valid samples was 2890. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test(X2), Independent-Samples t-test, point biserial correlation, the Pearson product-moment correlation, logistic regression analysis, multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. Based on the main findings of this study, we have the following conclusions: \n1.Elders have needs of social participation. \n2.“The elderly group” is elders’ favorite social participation target. \n3.Intention obstacle is the main reason hindering elders’ social participation. \n4.Elders’ social participation is related to life satisfaction. \n5.The most critical factor in social participation which influences life satisfaction is “participation degree”. \n6.The factors influencing elders’ social participation are gender, age, educational level, economic status, health status and residential locations. \n7.The factors affecting elders’ life satisfaction are educational level, economic status, health status, marital status, residential arrangement and social participation. \n8.The factors affecting the life satisfaction of the elderly who has social participation are educational level, economic status, health status, residential arrangement and participation degree. \n According to the above conclusions, this study proposes the following suggestions for the governments, institutions dealing with elders’ social participation and elders: \n1. Suggestions for the governments: \n(1) Complete elderly economic and healthy welfare services.\n(2) Promoting the advantage of social participation on aging accommodation to elders by social education.\n(3) Constructing elderly community centers, encouraging and helping elders to establish the associations.\n(4) Constructing the barrier-free environment for elders’ social participation. \n2. Suggestions for the institutions dealing with elders’ social participation: \n(1) Eliminating the obstacles of the institutions to increase probability of elders’ social participation.\n(2) Providing diverse types of social participation and focusing more on the quality of the activities.\n3. Suggestions for elders: \n(1) Overcoming the intention obstacles to have more social participation.\n(2) Being prepared for the retirement to have healthy and satisfying elderly life.